Constantine Campbell, Basics Of Verbal Aspect In Biblical Greek, 1

Front 1

Imperfective Aspect

Back 1

View from within the parade

Front 2

Perfective Aspect

Back 2

View from the helicopter

Front 3

Imperfective, Imperfect Tense-Form

Back 3

View from the inside but with remoteness

Front 4

Imperfective, Present Tense-Form

Back 4

View from the inside but with proximity

Front 5

Imperfective, Perfect Tense-Form

Back 5

View from the inside but with super proximity

Front 6

Verbs of Propulsion

Back 6

Coming/Going, Giving/Taking, Raising Up/Putting Down, etc.

(Historical Present)

Front 7

Verbs that introduce discourse

Back 7

Speaking, Thinking, Writing, etc.

(Historical Present)

Front 8

True or False?

The Imperfect Tense-Form shares remoteness with the aorist, meaning that the imperfect is also found in discourse rather than narrative proper.

Back 8

False. Imperfect is also found in NARRATIVE PROPER rather than DISCOURSE.

Front 9

Offline material is offline because it is _____

Back 9

Supplemental

Front 10

Perfect Tense-Forms parallel A) Aorist Tense-Forms or B) Present Tense-Forms?

Back 10

B) Present Tense-Forms
(Perfect semantically encodes imperfective aspect and the spatial value of heightened proximity. It is SUPER-PRESENT).

Front 11

What is the first decision we need to make when looking at a verbal lexeme?

Back 11

Whether the lexeme is Transitive or Intransitive.

Front 12

Transitive or Intranstive?

Action is performed upon an object.
Object is impacted somehow.

Back 12

Transitive

Front 13

Transitive or Intransitive?

Neal hit Adam.

Back 13

Transitive. Neal transferred the impactful action to Adam.

Front 14

Transitive or Intransitive?

I watch cartoons.

Back 14

Intransitive. I do not affect the cartoons.

Front 15

Ambitransitive Lexemes

Back 15

Lexemes that can go both ways, depending on usage.

Front 16

Punctiliar

Back 16

Instantaneous; once-occurring, immediate type of action.

Front 17

Can a verb be transitive and not punctiliar?

Back 17

Yes. In this case, it is simply transitive.

Front 18

Intransitive: Stative

Back 18

Verb is not performed upon an object and represents a state of being.

ex: know, trust, live, etc.

Front 19

Can a verb be intransitive and not stative?

Back 19

Yes. Simply called intransitive. e.g., sleep, die, decide, etc.

Front 20

Which of the following is cancelable?
Semantic or Pragmatic features.

Back 20

Pragmatic Features are Cancelable. Semantics cannot be cancelled, as they are encoded within the lexeme.

Front 21

Three required steps for ascertaining what a verb is doing in the text:

Back 21

1. Identify the semantic value of the verb

2. Consider the lexeme and its interaction with the semantics.

3. Consider the context.

Front 22

1. Semantics: Aspect? Spatial Value?
+

2. Lexeme: Punctiliar? Stative? Transtive? etc.
+
3. Context: Time reference? Duration? Logic? etc.
=
Aktionsart: Past Progressive? Iterative? Stative?

Back 22

1. Semantics: Aspect? Spatial Value?+2. Lexeme: Punctiliar? Stative? Transtive? etc.+3. Context: Time reference? Duration? Logic? etc.=Aktionsart: Past Progressive? Iterative? Stative?

Front 23

Verbal aspect operates in cooperation with various lexemes to produce_____ _____.

Back 23

Aktionsart expressions

Front 24

What are the Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Values?

Back 24

1. Progressive

2. Stative

3. Iterative

4. Gnomic

5. Historical Present

Front 25

Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Progressive

Back 25

Imperfective aspect combines with any lexeme that's not punctiliar or stative to create a progressive sense and is not overruled by context.

Front 26

Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Stative

Back 26

Imperfective aspect combines with a stative lexeme to create Aktionsart stative, if not overruled by context.

Front 27

Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Iterative

Back 27

Events that repeatedly occur, either punctiliarly, or non-statively

Front 28

Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Gnomic

Back 28

Universal and Timeless actions that involve any kind of lexeme.

Front 29

Present Tense-Form Aktionsart Historical Present

Back 29

Present tense-form used in nonpresent contexts. Often translated as an aorist, even though it does not convey an aorist meaning.

Front 30

True or False?

Nonindicatives encode temporal reference at the semantic level.

Back 30

False. Nonindicatives DO NOT encode temporal reference at the semantic level.

Front 31

The only difference between aorist and present subjunctives is _____.

Back 31

aspectual.

Front 32

Stativity is one of the natural expressions of ______ aspect.

Back 32

imperfective

Front 33

The present subjunctive is especially suited for ______, ______, and ______ statements. This is a key pragmatic feature of the imperfective aspect within the subjunctive mood.

Back 33

proverbial, general, and generic statements

Front 34

True or False?

The present imperative issues a general command, but not necessarily a continuous command.

Back 34

True.

Front 35

Verbs of propulsion and speaking in the present imperative can take on a usage that would normally be associated with the ______ imperative. These actions are specific rather than generic.

Back 35

aorist.

Front 36

This is the present participle's main pragmatic function:

Back 36

expressing action that is contemporaneous with its leading verb (excluding substantival and periphrastic usages).

Front 37

The usage of the present ________ is mostly determined through infinitival constitutions that commonly require it.

Back 37

infinitive

Front 38

Semantics with Imperfective aspect with remoteness, + a non-punctiliar and non-stative lexeme, + a context that allows for this = ?

Back 38

Imperfect Tense-form Aktionsart with progressive value

Front 39

Semantics with Imperfective aspect with remoteness, + a stative lexeme, + a context that allows for this or creates it = ?

Back 39

Imperfect Tense-form Aktionsart with stative value

Front 40

Imperfect Tense-Form Aktionsart value that is similar to progressive, but a with the beginning in view. It is able to depict the beginning and subsequent progression of an action.

Back 40

Ingressive

Front 41

Imperfect Tense-Form Aktionsart Iterative

Back 41

Actions that repeatedly occur in punctiliar or non-stative lexemes that require repitition.

Front 42

Imperfect Tense-Form Aktionsart Conative

Back 42

portrays and action that is attempted but not accomplished.

Front 43

5 Imperfect Tense-Form Aktionsart Values

Back 43

1. Progressive

2. Stative

3. Ingressive

4. Iterative

5. Conative

Front 44

Refers to how an action actually takes place--what sort of action it is.

Back 44

Aktionsart

Front 45

Refers to how an action actually takes place--what sort of action it is.

Back 45

Aktionsart

Front 46

Aspect

Back 46

Refers to viewpoint--how the action is viewed.

Front 47

Semantics

Back 47

Refers to the values that are encoded in the verbal form.

Front 48

Semantics

Back 48

Refers to the values that are encoded in the verbal form.

Front 49

Pragmatics

Back 49

Refers to the expression of semantic values in context and in combination with other factors. The way language is used in context.