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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Home range
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sum of all movements by an animal (over a set period of time)
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Territory
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defended space, often exclusive use
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Philopatry
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the behavior of remaining, or returning to an individual's birthplace
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Dispersal
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movement from an animal's natal site to a distant site where it could breed or conduct some other part of its lifespan
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active dispersal
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animals moving around seed(could be dispersed by being eaten by animal)
Travels longer distances |
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Metapopulations
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Interdependent patches of occupied and unoccupied habitat
used to determine the dynamics of fragmented populations |
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Variables of Metapopulations:
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1) Size of patch (pop'n size)
2) Distance between patches (isolation) 3) Config. of patches (connectivity) 4) Species-specific demographic patterns 5) Speices - specific genetic patterns 6) Species-specific ability to disperse |
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The Annual Cycle:
Births tend to be concentrated in what season? Mortality? |
Births tend to be concentrated in the spring - not always the same in oceans
Winter is common for mortality |
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What are the components of the annual cycle?
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- Spring low
- Spike in population due to natality - Decline due to mortality - “Shootable surplus” - Turnover |
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What must be considered when looking at the annual cycle?
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- What may vary
- How it will vary - Magnitudes of variation - Effects of one variable on another - How each determination can relate to eventual management ---To increase number of overwintering animals ---To increase natality ---To decrease overwintering loss |
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Exponential Pop. Growth
Equation |
r = b – d
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase (r) = if a stable age distribution (even distribution of ages) exists, then “little r” is called the intrinsic rate of increase (rmax) |
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The form of the rate of increase in exponential growth:
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dN/dt = rmaxN = (b - d) N
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What shape is the exponential curve?
r>0 r=0 r<0 |
J-shaped
r >0 meaning pop’n increasing (J-shape) r = 0 meaning pop’n stays same size (straight line) r < 0 meaning pop’n is decreasing (downward curve) |
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density dependence
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When population is growing in a limited space, and the density increases until eventually the presence of other indiv. increase mortality and decrease natality
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Carrying capacity
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The max population size of a given species that can be sustained by a particular environment or ecosystem
(K in sigmoid growth curve) |
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Maximum carrying capacity (Km)
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max population density that a particular habitat’s resources can support
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Optimum carrying capacity (Ko)
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a pop’n density that is lower than the one above, which can be supported without “living on the edge” regarding resources.
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Environmental resistance
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sum of all environmental factors that keep rmax from happening
[(K-N)/K] -- dotted line |
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What are the assumptions of the logistic growth curve?
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- Constant carrying capacity
- Linear density-dependence (when indiv. is born, causes decrease in per capita pop growth) - No genetic variation - Continuous reproduction - All organisms identical (age, size) - No immigration or emmigration |
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Irruptive populations
What causes them? |
explode in numbers (J-curve) then “crash”
environmental variability (seasonal or annual changes in resource availability) or just plain random. |
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Intrinsic factors
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factors controlled by pop’n dynamics- like food availability, predation, disease
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Natality
(how do they attain full recruitment?) |
- Clutch or litter size
- Number of clutches or litters/year - Age at first reproduction - Duration of breeding - Percentage of females breeding in a population |
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What factors contribute to mortality?
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Density-dependent factors
----Predation ----Parasites ----Disease Density-independent factors ----Risk management Poisoning-chemical contaminants |
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How do predators have a positive affect on populations?
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Remove non-reproductive animals, reduce intraspecific competition, and eliminate diseased or parasitized individuals. Increases fitness
Moose example- originally irruptive population alone. Wolves introduced in 1949 helped pop go from 5% to 30% Same with bighorn and bison |
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Prey switching
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Compensatory response
Switch from one species to the next depending on spp availability |
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Parasitic organism
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Multicellular invasive (internal or external) animals
Cause harm to the host, parasite will usually benefit |
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How do parasites affect populations?
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Increasing parasite load decreases fitness
Causes overcrowding, poor nutrition, loss of physiological conditioning, alteration of host behavior |
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How do parasites alter the behavior of their host to insure transmission?
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Example: Mallard ducks eating shrimp (intermediate host)
Shrimp are infected by acanthocephalan parasite - go from bottom of water to surface |
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Parasites: Bot flies
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Affect ability to breathe - suffocate wild sheep.
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Disease
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Unicellular animals, usually co-adapted with their host
Botulism, anthrax, malaria, parvo, west nile |
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Coevolution
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A change in the genetic composition of one species in response to a genetic change in another
Without coevolution - disease or parasite can spread rapidly and cause debilitation or death |
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Migration
Importance? |
seasonal round-trip movement, between different habitats that are occupied at different times
Temporal management of habitats |
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Examples of Migration:
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- Duck flyways
- Ungulate migrations - The problem of migration paths being severed by development projects |
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Goals of population management:
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- Threatened species management - Small pop size: raise N or density
- Sustainable yield, or harvesting: Exploitation of a pop. - Control: tx of a pop that is too dense, stabilize or reduce pop |
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Sustainable Development
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Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
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Sustainable Yield
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-Renewable resources
-The # of animals harvested within a period of time -Broader than yield: welfare of humans, society, economy, and subjectivity |
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Maximum sustainable yield
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-Largest possible harvest
- k/2 in the logistic equation |
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Optimum sustained yield - OSY
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May maximize societal value, such as revenue, recreation value, etc.
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Why is harvesting at MSY risky?
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-No margin of error
-Based on data from previous year -By removing all surplus - you can impoverish ecosystem |
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Sport hunting
How is hunting regulated? |
-By season
-Bag limits/quotas -Age/gender limits -Permit systems -Management units -Types of gear |
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Where does revenue from sport hunting go?
What is concern here? |
Revenue from licenses generally go toward conservation and management
Revenue is steadily declining |
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What are some of the controversies surrounding game hunting?
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-Ethics
-Undesirable evolutionary consequences due to trophy hunting |
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What are some examples of undesirable evolutionary consequences due to trophy hunting?
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1. Trophy rams - led to decrease in body weight and horn size
2. Lions - invasion of sub-dom. male lions and increase in infanticide 3. Destabilize social structure and dom. hierarchy |
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Bushmeat
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Meat used for food.
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game cropping
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= SY harvestig of free-ranging wild species
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game ranching
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= SY harvesting of wild species on enclosed ranges
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What is the bushmeat crisis?
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1. Commercial, illegal and unsustainable hunting for the meat of wild animals
2. Commercial logging 3. Spread of disease to humans 4. Terrestrial and marine bushmeat linked - decline in one leads to a decline in the other |
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Who came up with the book
"game management"? What did it talk about that is still true today? |
Aldo Leopold
-predator control and introduction of exotic - most controversial issues in wildlife management |
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How did the first form of wildlife management occur and where?
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Massachusetts - bounty on wolves in 1630 - by the 18th century they were eliminated from the eastern US
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How does the control level affect litter size?
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Directly related- as control increases in intensity, litter size increases as well
light - 3.65 Moderate - 4.75 Heavy - 6.56 |
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What are three generalities of control?
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- Large animals easily affected
- Most animals targeted have high "r" - Changes in habitat more powerful than harvest |
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Why is control important?
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- Increases game populations
- Decreases loss in livestock - Decreases economic damage - Removal of introduced exotic species |
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Introduced species
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Non-native species
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What threat do introduced species cause?
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half of all known extinctions of birds and mammals have been caused by introduced predators
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Why are natural species on islands so particularly vulnerable?
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1. Predation - Island forms tend to be tame
2. Habitat loss - Due to grazing and browsing by IS (goats, feral pigs,etc) 3. Competition for food 4. Nest site competition 5. Spead of disease or parasites |
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How do species become introduced?
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1. Accidents - natural process or by humans
2. Aesthetics - e.g. goal of introducing all the birds in shakespeare to N.A.) 3. Economic benefit 4. Sport hunting 5. Increased globalization |
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How has the convention on Biological Diversity responded to introduced species?
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Calls on parties to prevent, control, and eradicate introduced species
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Three Critical Life History Traits constituting rarity:
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1. Geographic range
2. Habitat specificity 3. Local population size |
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Rarity: Geographic range
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- A rare species will be geographically restricted
- A common species will have a large geographic range |
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Rarity - Habitat specificity
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- All species occupy an ecological niche
- A rare species is a specialist, confined to a very narrow ecological niche -A common species is a generalist, found in many circumstances |
