Conservation

Front 1

In Situ

Ex Situ

Back 1

In situ:

Conservation of species in their natural habitat

E.g. natural parks, nature reserves

Ex situ:

Conserving species in isolation of their natural habitat

E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks

Front 2

advantages of in situ

Back 2

The species will have all the resources that it is adapted too
The species will continue to evolve in their environment
The species have more space
Bigger breeding populations can be kept
It is cheaper to keep an organism in its natural habitat

Front 3

disadvantages of in situ

Back 3

It is difficult to control illegal exploitation (e.g. poaching)
The environment may need restoring and alien species are difficult to control

Front 4

Advanatges of Ex situ conservation

Back 4

Captive breeding as last resort
They reached the point where their populations would not recover in the wild
It works well for species that are easily bred in captivity

Front 5

Disadvanatges of Ex situ conservation

Back 5

Isolated in captivity they do not evolve with their environment.

Small gene pool in which to mix their genes
Inbreeding is a serious problem.

exchanging specimens, by artificial insemination and In vitro fertilization

Front 6

Seed banks

Back 6

Seeds can be maintained for decades or even centuries if the conditions are controlled
<5% humidity and –20°C
Not all species are suited to this treatment
Seeds kept in seed banks do not evolve with changes in the environment

Front 7

CITES

Back 7

The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species.

control and encourage the sustainable exploitation of species.

Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation
Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas
Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only

Species are reassessed every 2 years

Front 8

WWF

Back 8

World Wide Fund for Nature formerly World Wildlife Fund.

Non-governmental organisation
Raises funds for conservation
Lobbies parliaments for conservation
Runs education programmes
Advice to government conservation agencies
Raises awareness on conservation issues

Front 9

Domestic Animals (Livestock)

Back 9

Advantages

Adapted to local conditions – environment & food resources
Resistant to local diseases & parasites eg. Babesia, intestinal parasites

Disadvantages
Lower performance compared to temperate counterparts
Exist in low numbers & isolated areas

Farming preferences for improved breeds

Front 10

Indigenous livestock -

Dairy

Back 10

Local Indian Dairy (LID)

• Locally adapted breed
• Good Milk quality, poor yield
• Milk∼ 500 kg/lactation
• Infused Friesian blood (>75%)
• Vulnerable

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Indigenous livestock -

Dairy

Back 11

Friesian & its crosses

Modify environment ↑ milk
yield of purebred Frisian by ~ 20%.
• Other health problems
• High feed inputs

Front 12

Imported livestock -

Dairy

Back 12

Purebred Jersey

• Reasonably adapted to the environment
• Milk yield good and minimal health problems
• Lower feed inputs

Front 13

Indigenous livestock -

Beef

Back 13

Kedah-Kelantan

• Low body weight and growth rate
• Hardy & adapted to harsh conditions
• Adapted to local diseases and parasites

Front 14

Improved Indigenous livestock -

Beef

Back 14

Improved breeds; Brakmas, Charoke

Front 15

Indigenous livestock -

Goat

Back 15

Kajang

• Low body weight and growth rate
• Hardy & adapted to harsh conditions
• Adapted to local diseases andgastro-intestinal parasites

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Imported livestock -

Goat

Back 16

Boer

• Higher body weight and growth rate
• Moderately adapted to local conditions & diseases
• Generally raised intensively or semi-intensively

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Indigenous livestock -

Sheep

Back 17

Malin

• Low body weight and growth rate
• Hardy & adapted to harsh conditions
• Adapted to local diseases and gastrointestinal parasites

Front 18

Imported livestock -

Sheep

Back 18

Dorper

(Black Head)

Not yet evaluated locally

Front 19

Indigenous livestock -

Chicken

Back 19

Ayam kampung

• Low body weight, growth rate & FCR
• Small market share - < 5%
• 95% imported breeds – Ross/Cobb

• Crossed with imported breed – Sasso
• Improved body weight, growth rate & FCR

Front 20

Indigenous livestock -

Swine

Back 20

Wild boar/ Local Chinese Pig

• 100% imported breeds
• Wild population not utilised; Local Chinese pig almost extinct

Front 21

Livestock Conservation efforts

Back 21

In situ conservation
Undertaken in smallholder farms, commercial farms and on integration farms in the plantation (tree crop)
Ex situ conservation
Local Chinese Pigs - in the National Zoo, Selembu cattle maintained at the Livestock Center.
Semen Bank - National Institute of Animal Biotechnology
Semen & Embryo Banks – NAEC