Consciousness

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Consciousness The state of

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being aware of one's surroundings. Awareness by the mind of itself and the world.

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Awareness is the ability to directly know and

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perceive, to feel, or to be cognizant things, events and ideas.

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It is the state or quality of

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being conscious of something.

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Altered States of consciousness

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.

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Typically, an altered state of consciousness (ASC) isregarded as

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not being on one’s right mind.

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What does it mean to be on one’s right mind?

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Being capable of rational thought. look at notes in class

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Western definition: Being able to

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calculate how to attain valued ends while avoiding injury and opprobrium.

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An ASC is a mental state that differs from a normal state, normal as thestate of.

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being usual, typical, or expected, i.e. what is culturally expected

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How can one alter one’s consciousness?

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An ASC can bephysically produced by or through several means.

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An ASC can bephysically produced by or through several means.

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Psychoactive drugs Fatigue Intense concentration, Hyperventilation Rhythmic movement Schizophrenia Brain damage Intense emotion Food and water deprivation Withdrawal from alcohol Advanced syphilis Crystal gazing Sensory deprivation Stress, fever, etc.

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Intentionally, an ASC can be used for a variety of reasons.

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Religious and healing experience are some of them.

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The most familiar religious and healing states of altered conscious are

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meditation and trance.

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Altered states of consciousness generally include alterations in

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both the content and functioning of the consciousness.

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In many cultures, through an ASC problems

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can be solved in an intuitive way.

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Intuition is the ability to

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acquire knowledge without inference or the use of reason.

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________ is heightened.

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Perception

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Hallucinating: seeing visions, smelling smells, hearing sounds, andexperiencing bodily sensations that

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seem real, but are perceived or experienced by others who are present but are not in an ASC.

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Sometimes, extreme emotional states, such as those generated in seizuresand other forms of emotionally heightened ASC,

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can have contagious effects.

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Altered states of consciousness are a variant of

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the human behaviour. `

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Is an ASC a positive experience in our society?

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In contemporary North American society, an ASC is generally regarded asdeviant.`

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The practice of entering ASC is also to be seen as a sign of

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mental instability and illness.

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ASC are also associated with

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unlawful activity if it involves the use of hallucinogenic substances

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Notwithstanding negative attitudes, there is nothing abnormal per se aboutthe

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ability to enter trancelike states and experience a wide range of hallucinations.

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In their book Hallucinogens and Culture (1976) Chandler and Sharpclaimed that “the desire to alter consciousness periodically is an

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innate, normal drive analogous to hunger or the sexual drive”.

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The ability to enter trance is a

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human universal.

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Although the ability to enter trance is a consequence of having a normal _________________, some societies (in North America) define entering tranceas abnormal.

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human nervous system

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Although some societies try to suppress trance, the

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vast majority of societies accept it and shape it to their own ends, including religious ones, and medical ones.

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A.I. Hallowell (1993), observed that “it is normal to share the

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delusions traditionally accepted by one’s society”.

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A delusion is a belief that is held with

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strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary.

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As a pathology,delusion is distinct from a belief based on

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false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, or other effects ofperception.

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In psychiatry, confabulation is a

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disturbance of memory,

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defined as the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about

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oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive.

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Because we have become a nation of consumers, our primary identity has

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become that of being consumers.

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The primary way our value is measured and demonstrated is by

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how much we consumed.

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Consumption is our way of life. We converted the buying and use of goodsinto

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sacred but dangerous rituals.

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Culturally, we seek our ______________ + ___________ in consumption.

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spiritual and ego satisfaction

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We consumed, burned up, replace and discard things in a counter productiveand

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delusional manner as I the world would be infinite.

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However, “abnormality” involves the development of a

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delusional system that a culture does not sanction.

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Individuals who are disturbed because they cannot adequately

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measure up to the norms of society, and nevertheless be happy,

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may be termed

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neurotics.

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When a person’s delusional system is so different that in no way it reflects his orher society’s norms

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, the individual may be termed psychotic.

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Culturally induced conflicts not only can, if severe enough, produce

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psychosis

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but can determine the

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form of the psychosis as well.

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To a culture that encourages aggressiveness and suspicion the

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insane person is the individual who is passive and trusting.

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To a culture that encourages passiveness and trust, the

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insane person is the individual who is aggressive and suspicious.

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However, the standards defining normal behavior for any culture aredetermined by the

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culture itself.

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To be one’s right mind will depend of the

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particular context that define it so.