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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consciousness |
Our immediate awareness of internal/external states |
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How do you measure consciousness? |
1)self-reports
2)psychological measures (subjective - inference) 3)behavioural measures (tests) |
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Cognitive unconscious Controlled/Automatic processing |
Cognitive unconscious works in harmony with our conscious thoughts exp. learning to ride a bike
controlled processing: voluntary use of attention and conscious processing exp. studying automatic processing: activities carried out with little/no effort which may not require conscious awareness (facilitates divided attention) exp. walking & chewing gum |
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Emotional unconscious |
unconscious processes can affect emotion and motivation ("bottom of the iceberg")
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Selective attention Inattention blindess Change blindess |
process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously.
psychological lack of attention not associated with any vision defects/deficits (individual fails to recognize an unexpected stimulus that is in plain sight) perceptual phenomenon occurs when change in visual stimulus is introduced and goes unnoticed exp. observers fail to notice major differences introduced to image while it flickers off and on again. (Blind to change). |
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Conscious Preconscious Unconscious |
Consciousness: immediate awareness of internal/external states Preconsciousness: a level of awareness in which info can become readily available to consciousness if needed. (familiar/automatic behaviours exp. morning rituals) Unconscious: state in which info is not easily accessible to conscious awareness |
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Stroop test |
The Stroop effect is the finding that naming colour of first set of words is easier/quicker than the second. Stroop effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task.
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Circadian rhythm |
pattern of sleep-wake cycles that in human beings roughly corresponds with periods of daylight and night |
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SAD & its treatment |
SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) type of depression that follows seasons. Most common type of SAD is called winter depression. Treatment: light therapy(phototherapy), antidepressant drugs, psychotherapy (talk therapy). |
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Stages of sleep |
1)bridge between wakefulness & sleep 2)transition to deep sleep 3)Very deep sleep 4)Very deep sleep 5)REM (Rapid eye movement) |
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What is REM and why is it different |
REM (Rapid eye movement/paradoxical sleep) -----fifth stage of sleep -where majority of dreams tend to occur (most vivid) -REM dreams are longer than non-REM stages -physiological arousal increases (erratic heart beat, breathing rapid, brainwave resembles wakefulness, genital arousal) -Could possibly help in consolidating memory of newly learned material |
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Sleep spindles Hypnagogic state |
bursts of brain activity;lasts 1/2 seconds (Stage 2) The drowsy pre-sleep period where we may experience strange sensations exp. falling, hearing name called |
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suprachiasmatic nuclei
Melatonin |
regulates circadian rhythm (located in the hypothalamus)
hormone secreted by the pineal gland especially in response to darkness, and has been linked to the regulation of circadian rhythms. |
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Theories of why we sleep |
Adaptive theory of sleep: Sleep is an evolutionary outcome of self-preservation. Organisms sleep to keep away from predators more active at night when our visual system doesn't provide us with as much protection
Biological theory: sleep plays a role in growth process, consistent with the pituitary gland secreting growth hormones during sleep Restorative theory of sleep: sleep allows brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources while eliminating chemical wastes |
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REM rebound |
lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of REM sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation. When people have been prevented from experiencing REM, they take less time than usual to attain the REM state.
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Sleep hygiene |
1)Get up at the same time every day
2) Do not nap 3)Avoid caffeine after dinner 4) Don’t smoke within 4 hours of bedtime 5)last drink of alcohol 2 or more hours before bedtime 6)Don’t go to bed until you’re drowsy 7)Avoid stimulating activity just before bedtime 8)Have a light snack prior to bedtime 9)Make sure your bed and sleep environment is comfortable 10)Exercise regularly (late afternoon) |
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Insomnia Sleep apnea narcolepsy |
persistent inability to fall asleep
“with no breath” repeatedly awakened when breath stops duration: 20secs - 2mins “numb seizure” sleep attacks;instantaneously fall asleep when excited or scared |
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Nightmares vs. night terrors |
Nightmares evoke feelings of helplessness/powerlessness usually in situations of great danger. More common among those stressed Night terrors are a pattern of horrifying dreams related to sleepwalking. People who have experienced them awake suddenly, sit up in bed, scream in fear and are in a state of panic (most don't remember episode next day) |
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Lucid dream Freud's psychoanalytic theory aka wish fulfilment |
Dreams in which people fully recognize they're dreaming (even guide outcome of dream) Freud argued dreams represent the expression of unconscious wishes/desires. Er go, dream interpretation. A psychoanalytic therapist facilitates insight into possible meaning of dream |
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Manifest content Latent content |
dream images people are able to recall unconscious elements of dreams (wishes) |
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Dream theories: 1) Information processing approach 2) Activation-synthesis theory |
dream's are the minds attempt to sort out and organize the day's experiences and to fix them in memory as people sleep, their brains activate all kinds of signals and the active brain combines/synthesizes these internally generating signals trying to give them meaning |
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Meditation |
technique used to turn one's consciousness away from the outer world, toward inner cues and awareness, ignoring all stressors. |
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Meditations Opening up vs. concentrative vs. mindfulness |
Opening-up meditators seek to clear their mind to receive new experiences Concentrative meditators actively concentrate on an object, word, phrase, or idea, called a mantra. Mindfulness meditators pay attention to feelings, thought, and sensations flowing through their mind during the meditation but without attachment or judgement. Practicing a different frame of mind. |
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Pharmacology Psychopharmacology Psychoactive drugs |
study of molecular and biochemical structures of drugs and their actions
study of drug effects on the nervous system and behaviour chemicals that affect awareness, behaviour, sensation, perception, or mood |
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Agonists drugs Antagonists drugs |
psychoactive drug that increases activity of neurotransmitter
psychoactive drug that inhibit or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter |
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Addiction tolerance Withdrawal |
People who regularly ingest psychoactive drugs may develop maladaptive patterns of behaviour and changes in their body's physical responses mark of physical dependence on drug, in which a person is required to take incrementally larger doses of a drug to achieve the same affect Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous side effects of reducing intake of a drug after person has become addicted |
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Major classes of drugs & effects |
1) Stimulants: drugs that arouse and increase neural firing in the CNS (eg. nicotine, coffee, amphetamines, cocaine)
2) Depressants: drugs that slow activity in the CNS (alcohol and sedatives) 3) Opiates: drugs derived from the opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria (opium, heroin, morphine, codeine, methanol) 4)Hallucinogens: change thought processes and disrupt normal perception of time and space (eg.LSD, salvia divinorum, MDMA) cannabis) |
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Reward learning pathway Reward-deficiancy syndrome |
brain circuitry important for learning about rewarding stimuli reward learning pathways not activated readily by events in their lives. |
