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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basic type of tissue that provides structural and metabolic support for other tissues and organs
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Connective Tissue
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Connective tissue proper has two classifications. What are they?
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Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue |
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Dense Connective Tissue has to sub categories. What are they?
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Irregular
Regular |
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What are the different sub categories of specialized connective tissue?
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Cartilage
Bone Adipose Blood Hematopoietic |
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What is a good example of dense regular connective tissue?
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Tendon
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What is a good example of dense irregular connective tissue?
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Mammary Gland
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What do fibroblasts do?
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Produce the fibers and ground substance of the matrix
They have an active form and a Quiescent form |
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How many major types of collagen are there?
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4
I, II, III, IV |
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Describe Type I Collagen
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- Most abundant, widespread distribution
- Form dermis, organ capsules, bone, dentin, tendons, ligaments |
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Describe Type II Collagen
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Found mainly in cartilage
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Describe Type III Collagen
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The collagenous component of reticular fibers
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Describe Type IV Collagen
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Present in the basal lamina
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What are the characteristics of Reticular Fibers?
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- Fine, branching collagenous fibers.
- Type III collagen. - Not identifiable in H&E sections. - Visualized with PAS or silver stain. - Provide structural support for organs, such as pancreas, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. |
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What are Elastic Fibers composed of?
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Composed of elastin glycoprotein and microfibrils.
Microfibrils serve as organizing structure for growing elastin |
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What kind of stain is needed to visualize elastin in tissue sections?
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Verhoeff’s stain
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What occurs as branching fibers and as sheets?
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Elastic Fibers
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What are the ancestors of most native cells of adult connective tissue?
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Mesenchymal cells
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What are the characteristics that describe macrophages?
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- Phagocytic cells.
- Retain capacity for cell division. - Derived from blood monocytes. - Act as antigen-presenting cells to B-lymphocytes |
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What are the characteristics of Plasma Cells?
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- Antibody-producing cell.
- Derived from B-lymphocytes. - Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and connective tissue. - Not found in bloodstream. - Prominent RER, Golgi, and ‘cartwheel’ nucleus. |
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What are the characteristics of Mast Cells?
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- Long-lived cells in connective tissue.
- Usually located near blood vessels. - Metachromatic granules. |
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What are Metachromatic Granules?
What do they cause? |
Granules released in response to trauma or allergic reaction
Causes Inflammation |
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What do Metachromatic Granules release?
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Release heparin, histamine, and eosinophilic chemotactic factor
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How would you describe Adipocytes?
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- Unilocular fat cells
- White adipose tissue. - Small lipid droplets in cytoplasm fuse to form a large droplet. - Lipid storage and mobilization. |
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How would you describe Multiocular Adipose Tissue?
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- Brown fat.
- Thermogenic (generates heat in newborns). - Mitochondrial enzymes uncoupled to ATP synthesis; energy liberated as heat. |
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Where is Superficial deposits of Multiocular Adipose tissue found?
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- post. triangle
- interscapular |
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Where do you find deep deposits of Multiocular Adipose tissue?
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- retrosternal
- ant. vert. column - around kidneys |
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______ appear transiently in C.T. as part of inflammatory reaction to injury
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Immigrant cells
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Lymphocytes are charaterized as...
What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
Small cell with dark spheroid nucleus and little cytoplasm.
T & B Lymphocytes |
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What do T Lymphocytes do?
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Cell-mediated immunity
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What do B Lymphocytes do?
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Differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibody
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How would you characterize eosinophils?
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- Short-lived granulocyte.
- Found in blood and connective tissue. - Migrates into C.T. in response to chemotactic factors. - Has anti-inflammatory action (histaminidase). - Increase in number in response to allergies or parasitic infections. |
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What are the characteristic of Neutrophils?
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- Most abundant granulocyte.
- First line of defense against infection. - Phagocytizes bacteria - Specific granules contain antibacterial enzymes. - Cannot undergo cell division. - Found in tissue during acute phase of infection as pus. |
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How do Neutrophils enter connective tissue?
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Between endothelial cells: diapedesis
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How do you describe the characteristics of cartilage?
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- CT specialized for structural support.
- Flexible and compressible. - Forms fetal skeleton. - Avascular, no lymphatics or nerves. - Receives nutrients via diffusion. - Composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix |
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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Hyaline
Elastic Fibrocartilage |
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How do you describe Hyaline cartilage?
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Type II collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans
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How do you describe Elastic cartilage?
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Elastic fibers in matrix
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How do you describe Fibrocartilage?
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Type I collagen also in matrix
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Where are Chondrocytes located?
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Located on potential spaces that called lacunae
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What is the Territorial Matrix?
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Matrix immediately surrounding lacunae.
Sulfated proteoglycans are basophilic |
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Where is the Interterritorial Matrix located?
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Matrix between groups of chondrocytes
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Where is the Perichondrium located?
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Dense irregular CT surrounding cartilage
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What are two layers of the Perichondrium?
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Outer Fibrous Layer
Inner Chondrogenic Layer |
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What composes the Outer Fibrous Layer?
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Type I collagen and fibroblasts
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What composes the Inner Chondrogenic Layer?
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- Contains cells that give rise to chondroblasts.
- Chondroblasts become chondrocytes and produce Type II collagen |
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What is not present on articular surfaces?
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Perichondrium
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What is the first phase of cartilage formation?
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Centers of chondrification form during development
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What is the second phase of cartilage formation?
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- Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts.
- Secrete matrix, and chondrocytes become entrapped in lacunae |
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What is the third phase of cartilage formation?
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Chondrocytes produce cartilage matrix
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What is the fourth phase of cartilage formation?
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Chondrocytes undergo cell division – form isogenous groups
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Describe Apositional Cartilage Growth
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- New cartilage forms at surface of existing cartilage.
- From perichondrium |
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Describe Interstitial Cartilage Growth
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- New cartilage forms within an existing cartilage mass.
- Chondrocytes undergo cell division. - Form isogenous groups. -->Secrete matrix. -->Cells pushed away from each other, thus enlarging cartilage from within. |
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What kind of matrix is Hyaline cartilage?
What collagen type is it? |
Homogeneous matrix.
Type II collagen |
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Where is Hyaline cartilage commonly found?
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Fetal skeleton, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, trachea, bronchi, cricoid and thyroid cartilage.
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What is Elastic Cartilage made of?
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Elastic fibers (elastin) in matrix.
Also has some Type II collagen |
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What is very abundant in Elastic Cartilage?
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Chondrocytes
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Where is Elastic Cartilage commonly found?
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External ear
External auditory meatus Eustachian tube Epiglottis |
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What type of stain is needed to view elastic fibers?
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Verhoff’s stain
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What is present in Elastic Cartilage?
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Perichondrium present
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What is Fibrocatilage made of?
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- Combination of hyaline cartilage and dense regular CT.
- Type I collagen bundles visible in matrix. |
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What are the groups found in Fibrocartilage?
What groups are present? |
Isogenous groups.
No perichondrium |
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Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?
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Articular disks, menisci, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, sites of insertion of ligaments and tendons into bone
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In fibrocartilage how are chondrocytes arranged?
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Present singularly, in rows, or in isogenous groups.
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