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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the Etiology of ASD?
Failure of the interatrial septum to close during fetal development.
What is the pathophysiology of ASD?
1) Flow mostly left to right (atrium)
2) 70% of ASD are call Secundum, located at Mid-Septal area.
3) 20% of ASD are call Primum, located at Mid-Septal area.
4) 8% of ASD are call Sinus Venosus, located at Superior Septal area.
5) 2% of ASD are call Coronary Sinus, located at the Inferior Septal area.
What are the Echo findings on ASD?
1) MVP is often seen with Secundum defects.
2) Best view to see ASD = Subcoastal, adjust time to 10-12 seconds.
3) Right Atrial & Ventricular enlargement.
4) Best assessment of ASD is Bubble Study.
5) Sometimes you will see an Aneurysm.
What is the Etiology of VSD?
1) Failure of the Intraventricular Septum to close during fetal development.
What is the pathophysiology of VSD?
1) Left to Right shunt with normal cardiac pressure.
2) Increase risk of endocarditis, Arrhythmia & Pulmonary Hypertension.
What are the types of VSD?
1) Perimembranous is the most common, Located at the Mid-Ventricular Septum.
2) Muscular surrounded by Myocardium.
3) Subvalvular, located at the Atrioventicular canal.
4) Subpulmonic, located close to the Pulmoníc valve.
What are the Echo findings on VSD?
1) Left Atrial Enlargement.
2) Small or Large VSD.
3) Sometimes will see on Aneurysm on VSD.
4) Best assessment is Bubble Study.
5) Color flow on the Septum.
6) Best view to assess is Apical 4 & Apical 5, and Subcoastal.
What is the definition of Ebstein's anomaly?
1) Congenital malformation and displacement of the Tricuspid leaflets towards the Apex.
What is the pathophysiology of Ebstein's anomaly?
1) Tricuspid anulis is normally positioned.
2) Moderate to Severe TR.
3) Arrhythmia.
4) Associated with ASD, VSD & Pulmonic Stenosis (PS).
What are the physical signs of Ebstein's anomaly?
1) Cyanosis (blue babies)
2) Fatigue.
3) Dyspnea.
What are the Echo findings of Ebstein's anomaly?
1) Bubble study to rule out ASD or VSD.
2) Color flow in the septum to rule out ASD & VSD.
3) Best view to assess is Apical 4 & Apical 5, and Subcoastal.
What is the Etiology of PDA?
1) Patent Ductus Arteriosus.
2) Failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth.
3) Located between the PAT and the Aorta.
What is the pathophysiology of PDA?
1) Increase risk of endocarditis.
2) Commonly found in premature babies.
What are the Echo findings on PDA?
1) Left Atrium & Ventricular enlargement.
2) Best view is Suprasternal.
What is the Etiology for Tetrallogy of Fallot?
1) Perimembranous VSD.
2) Over riding Aorta.
3) Pulmonic Stenosis.
4) Right Ventricular Hypertrophy.
5) AKA = Blue baby síndrome.
What are the doppler findings on the Tetrallogy of Fallot?
1) Measure velocity across the Pulmoníc Valve.
What is the Etiology of Coarctation of the Aorta?
1) Narrowing in a portion of the Aorta.
2) Coarctation forces the heart to pump harder to get blood through the Aorta into the rest of the body.
What are the complications of the Coarctation of the Aorta?
1) Heart Failure.
2) Endocardiatis.
3) Stroke.
4) Aortic Aneurysm.
5) Coronary artery disease (CAD)
What is the definition of Transposition of great vessels?
Happen when 2 great vessels switched, Aorta & Pulmonary are transposed (switched at birth), cause of TGV is unknown.
What are the factors that increase the risk in the mother?
1) Age over 40.
2) Alcoholism.
3) Diabetes.
4) Poor Nutrition during pregnancy.
What is the definition of TGV?
1) It's a Cyanotic Heart deffect decrease oxygen in the blood that is pumped from the heart into the rest of the body.
2) TGV blood goes to the lungs pick oxygen returns to the heart and then goes back to the lungs without ever go to the body.
3) Blood from the body returns to the heart and goes back to body whitout go to the lungs.
What is the definition of AVSD?
This deffect is classified only partially involving the upper chambers of the heart.
This is a combination of defects including a large hole in the center of the heart & a single common valve instead of the separate Mitral & Tricuspid valves.
What is the definition of Cor-triatrium?
It's a congenital heart deffect when the Left & Right atrium is subdivided by a thin membrane resulting in 2-3 atrial chambers.
What is the definition of Eisenmenger syndrome?
It's a deffect that include ASD, VSD, and PDA which in time cause Pulmonary Hypertension.