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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Knot
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Intertwining of rope or webbing
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Bend
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Joins two ropes or webbing pieces together
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Hitch
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Tied around an object such that is the object is removed then the hitch will fall apart
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30%
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Knots reduce the rope strength by 30% caused by fiber crush and stretch. Strength loss due to knots is not cumulative and is only counted once in a system.
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Bight
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A U shaped bend in the rope
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Loop
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A turn in the rope which crosses itself to create a closed loop
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Round Turn
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A full wrap of a rope around an object so that both ends emerge from the same side
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Dress the knot
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Every effort should be made to keep the ropes within a knot free of twists
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Load the knot
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pull the knot knight
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Safety Knot
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Knots used for back up securing of a rope or knot
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Anchor Knots
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knots used to attach a rope to a system or object
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Knots for joining ropes
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Securing two pieces of a rope or webbing for both non and load bearing configurations
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Special purpose knots
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knots used for special purposes such as a three directional pulls or belaying
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NFPA 1983
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National Fire Protection Association standard established for rescue rope
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1 person Load
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4500# single person 300# 15:1 ratio
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2 person Load
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9000# double person 600# 15:1 ratio
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Rope Construction
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Most rope is 100% nylon or a combination of nylon and polyester
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Static Kern Mantle Rope
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used for rescue work
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Dynamic Kern mantle rope
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Used for rappelling and mountaineering
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kern
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inner core of rope
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mantle
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outer sheath of rope and protects the kern
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Static Line
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Stretches about 5% with a 220# load
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Dynamic Line
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Stretches about 20% with a 220# load
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ID and Rope Size
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Label on Rope: Size, SN#, Lot #
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Inspect the rope by:
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sight and and hand, look for damage
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Care of rope
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Rope may be washed but line dried, never stand or walk on rope, keep out of dirt, do not drop from 6ft and above
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Retirement of Rope
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Visible core damage, severe shock, severe overloading, Misuse, contamination, soft, mushy or hard spots, age (5-10 year replacement) and degradation due to use or storage.
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Auxiliary equipment
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Anything other than rope, belts and harnesses
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Class 1 Safety Harness
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Used for 1 person loads, belt around the waist and used for personal use.
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Class 2 Safety Harness
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refered to as a seat harness and used for structrural rescue
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Class 3 Safety Harness
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Full body harness which is used for rescue operations in confined spaces and fall protection
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Two types of webbing used in rescue
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Flat webbing (Best and reusable), Tubular webbing (knots are difficult to remove)
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Two types of tubular webbing
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Spiral weave and chained stitched
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Webbing Strength
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6000# end to end breaking strength
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Webbing uses
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Anchoring points and patient packaging
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Prussic Loops
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100% nylon, in tandem due to the 3100# break strength,
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Anchor Straps end to end pull breaking strength
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4950#
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Carabiner Components
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Latch, locking gate, hinge, minor axis, major axis
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Biner strength - Minor Axis
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2400#
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Biner strength - Major Axis
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9000#
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Biner strength - Major Axis open gate
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2400#
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Screw Link Materials
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Steel, not aluminum
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Screw Links strength requirement
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no NFPA requirement, TED 9900#
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Brake Bar racks Minimum Test Load
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6000#
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Brake Bar racks control
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gives the attendant Ultimate control and very strong.
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Loading the rack for 1 person load
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Use 4 bars
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Loading the rack for 2 person load
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Start with 6 bars
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Where should the load be on the carabiner?
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Always loaded on the spine (major Axis)
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Two types of rope grabs
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Mechanical and soft
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Never use mechanical grabs on which type of system?
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Belay and if shock load may oocur
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What are the types of pulleys used in rope rescue?
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2,3,4 inch PMP's
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General use pulley minimum break strength
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8000#
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Pulley components
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Sideplates, sheave, Axle/bearing
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Rigging plates do what?
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gathering points for hardware and keeps systems separate and clean
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Rope Protectors
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used to shield the rope from abrasion
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Bomb proof
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Solid anchoring points, structural steel
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KISS - Referred in rigging
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Keep it Safe and Simple!
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Anchor points to avoid
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Insulated pipe, handrails, cast iron, small pipe, HVAC, vent pipes, degraded masonry
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Multi-point anchoring systems
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commonly used to redirect the path of a rope and should not be used to make a strong anchor from marginal ones.
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Load distributing system angle
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Must not be more than 120 degrees
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Load Distributing System
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Splits loads between two anchors
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Wrap 2 Pull 2
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Minimum requirement for loads over 60#
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Wrap 3 Pull 2
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Prevents vertical movement
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Hard Links
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Avoid at all times, components must be allowed to move freely and not bind
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Single line lowering systems - Lowering
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uses a fixed brake and a moving rope
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Single line lowering systems - Rappels
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uses a fixed rope and moving brake
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On all lowering systems use:
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Back up line, tandem prussik
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Manpower on lowering systems
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Team leader, Brakeman, tagman, Belay man
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1 person Lowering devices
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8 plate (for fast deployment) or brake bar rack (4 bar minimum)
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2 person lowering device or rescue load 440# plus
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Brake bar rack `
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Belay system
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A system that limits the potential o controls a fall, always used in conjunction with a single line lowering or hauling system.
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TPB - Tandem Prussik Belay
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Uses a system of soft rope grabs and pulleys to for an unconditional belay
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Minding a TPB
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Keep thumbs up
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Vectoring
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Move away from the hole
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3 types of patient emergencies
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Hazardous environments, Trauma, Medical Conditions
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Two types of patient packaging
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Rigid (Basket, Stokes) and Flexible litters
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Rigid Litter material
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Structural metal or a combination of Structural metal and plastic
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Flexible Litter material
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Flexible plastic
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Mechanical advantage
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a simple way to reduce the force needed to move a load
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1:1 MA
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100# requires 100# to move
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MA: Simple systems
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Consists of pulleys moving in the same direction and speed that are connected directly or indirectly to the load
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MA: Compound Systems
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Consists of stacking the load end of one or more simple systems into the haul line of another that will multiply or compound forces
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MA system parts
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Rope, Pulley, PCD
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Knot at the anchor
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Even numbered MA system
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Knot at the load
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Odd numbered MA System
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29 CFR 1910.146
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Permit Required Confined Space (PRCS) regulation:
Contains requirements for safe practices and procedures to protect employees in general industry from the hazards of entry into PRCS |
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Confined space
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Large enough that an employee can enter, limited or restricted entry and exits, not designed for continuous occupancy
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PRCS is confined space that:
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contains hazardous atmosphere, contains a solid or liquid material which can engulf entrant, has a configuration which could entrap or asphyxiate entrant by converging walls or slopes in floor like in a Silo or hopper, contains safety or health hazards like snakes or machinery
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Employer shall:
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identify, inform, prevent entry and develop written plan
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Host employer shall:
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Arrange contractor to perform work
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Host employer shall inform contractor of:
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PRCS, entry procedures, hazards, precautions and procedures, coordinate entry, debrief and remains responsible if contractor is untrained
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Contractor Shall:
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obtain info from host, coordinate ops, inform host of entry procedures, debrief host
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PRCS programs must address:
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equipment at no cost to employee
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Entry permit will identify:
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Permit space, purpose of entry, date and duration and identity of authorized entrants, name of supervisor, PRCS, hazard mitgation, acceptable entry conditions, results of monitoring, rescue services, coms, equipment, etc.
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Identity of Authorized entrants by:
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Name, Roster or tracking system
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Additional work permits:
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Hot work and line breaking
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29 CFR 1910.146 positions
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Entrant, Attendant, Entry Supervisor, Rescue Service
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Entrant must know:
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PRCS hazards, use of PPE, how to communicate and alert with attendant and exit procedures.
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Attendant
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Individual stationed outside of a PRCS to monitor entrants
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Attendant duties:
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Summons rescue, prevents unauthorized entry, performs non-entry rescue
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Attendants emergency actions:
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Call for help, attempt non entry rescue
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Entry supervisor:
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Responsible for determine if acceptable entry condition, authorizes and oversees, terminates entry
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General Classes of Hazards
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Engulfment, Mechanical, atmospheric
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Primary Hazard
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Atmospheric
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Atmospheric Primary Hazards
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Flammable, Asphyxiating, Toxic
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Hazard Control
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Monitor, Ventilate
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PRCS Isolation
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Isolate all forms of energy,
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Failure to recognize the hazards
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Most confined space accidents happen because:
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Two distinct purposes of atmospheric testing:
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Evaluation and verification
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Confined spaces must be monitored in this order
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Oxygen, Flammables, Toxics
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Oxygen Deficient
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19.5% below
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Oxygen enriched
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23.5% above
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High oxygen effects flammable readings
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False high flammable
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low oxygen effects flammable readings
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False low flammable
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Toxic Atmosphere: OSHA
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PEL: Permisable Exposure Limite
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Toxic Atmosphere: NIOSH
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TLV: Threshold Limit Value
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Ventilation Donts
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no gas engines, do not place generator near hole, no bends in hoses
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Type of rescue
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self, non entry, entry
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z- rig
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