Conditioning And Learning

Front 1

Shock Frequency Reduction
*Alternative theories

Back 1

Primary reinforcement is reducing # of shocks.
*However, avoidance behavior still happens in trials where shock # is not reduced

Front 2

Safety Signals
*Alternative theory

Back 2

Contextual clues associated with avoidance

Front 3

Safety Signal Hypothesis
*Alternative theory

Back 3

Safety signals provide positive reinforcement for avoidance behavior.
Explains free-operant learning.

Front 4

Species Specific Defense Reactions
(SSDR)
*Alternative theory

Back 4

Aversive stimuli evoke innate responses

Front 5

Predatory Imminence

Back 5

different defense responses will occur depending on level of threat.
Focuses on the unconditioned response.
Time between CS and US will determine avoidance response.
Explains early stages of avoidance learning.

Front 6

Acquired Drive

Back 6

A source of motivation for instrumental behavior caused by the presentation of a stimulus that was previously conditioned with a primary, or unconditioned, reinforcer

Front 7

Avoidance

Back 7

An instrumental conditioning procedure in which the participants' behavior prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus

Front 8

Avoidance Trial

Back 8

A trial in a discriminated avoidance procedure in which an avoidance response is made and presents the delivery of the aversive stimulus

Front 9

Discriminated Avoidance

Back 9

An avoidance conditioning procedure in which occurrences of the aversive stimulus are signaled by a conditioned stimulus. Responding during the CS terminates the CS and prevents the delivery of the aversive unconditioned stimulus. AKA signaled avoidance

Front 10

Discriminative Punishment

Back 10

A procedure in which responding is punished in the presence of a particular stimulus and not punished in the absence of that stimulus.

Front 11

Escape Trial

Back 11

A trial during discriminated avoidance training in which the required avoidance response is not made and the aversive UCS is presented. Performance of the instrumental response during the aversive stimulus results in termination of the aversive stimulus.Thus, the organism is able to escape from the aversive stimulus.

Front 12

Escape from Fear Procedure (EFF)

Back 12

Situation in which subjects can learn an instrumental response to escape from or terminate a stimulus that elicits fear. escape from fear provides a coping mechanism for individuals suffering from excessive fear.

Front 13

Flooding

Back 13

A procedure for extinguishing avoidance behavior in which the cCS is presented while the participant is prevented from making the avoidance response.

Front 14

Overcorrection

Back 14

A procedure for discouraging behavior in which the participant is not only required to correct or rectify a mistake but is also required to go beyond that by, for example, extensively practicing the correct response alternative.

Front 15

Punishment

Back 15

An instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the instrumental response and an aversive stimulus. If the participant performs the instrumental response, it receives the aversive stimulus; if the participant does not perform the instrumental response, it does not receive the aversive stimulus.

Front 16

R-S interval

Back 16

The interval between the occurrence of an avoidance response and the next scheduled presentation of the aversive stimulus in a nondiscriminated avoidance procedure. Thus, the R-S interval sets the duration of safety created by each avoidance response in a non discriminated avoidance procedure.

Front 17

Response Prevention

Back 17

Blocking the opportunity to make the avoidance response so that the subject is exposed to a fear stimulus without being able to escape from it. usually used to connection w/ flooding.

Front 18

Shuttle Avoidance

Back 18

A type of avoidance conditioning procedure in which the required instrumental response consists of real going back and forth (shuttling) between two sides of an experimental apparatus

Front 19

S-S Interval

Back 19

The interval between successive presentations of the aversive stimulus in a non discriminated avoidance procedure when the avoidance response is not performed.

Front 20

Time Out

Back 20

A period during which the opportunity to obtain positive reinforcement is removed. This may involve removal of the participant from the situation where reinforcers may by obtained.

Front 21

Two-Process Theory of Avoidance

Back 21

A theory originally developed to explain discriminated avoidance learning that presumes the operation of two mechanism: classical conditioning of fear to the warning signal or CS, and the instrumental reinforcement of the avoidance response through termination of the warning signal and consequent fear reduction.