Condition And Learning, L:7

Front 1

Stimulus

Back 1

Something in the environment

Front 2

Response

Back 2

A behavior or process. Includes sleeping and thinking, as well as over activities like eating or talking

Front 3

Learning is

Back 3

A link between a stimulus and a response, or an S-R bond

Front 4

Unconditioned? In classical learning it means

Back 4

Unlearned

It means associations that don't have to be taught

Front 5

Classical Conditioning

Back 5

Form of learning where a neutral stimulus gains importance by its association with with a non-neutral stimulus.

Front 6

The stimulus that initially produces no response (which is?) is followed by?

Back 6

(CS before training)

A US that that produces a defensive or appetitive UR.

Front 7

What is training?

Back 7

Repeated US and CS pairings.

Front 8

Acquisition

Back 8

Acquisition is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.

Front 9

In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come?

How long should there be between the two?

Back 9

Neutral stimulus needs to come before the US.

Time should be about half a second

Front 10

What type of conditioning will have the best learning?

Back 10

Delay conditioning

Front 11

What is trace conditioning? How does it fare compared to delay?

Back 11

Trace conditioning has longer interstimulus intervals. Results in worse intervals.

Front 12

What is backwards conditioning? What does it result in?

Back 12

US then CS; No learning

Front 13

What is extinction?

Back 13

When the US doesn't follow the CS, CR begins to decrease and is eventually extinguished.

Front 14

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

Back 14

After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.

Front 15

Stimulus generalization

Back 15

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS. Pavlov's dogs would respond to a different bell.

Front 16

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 16

Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US

Dog salivates to 256c/s tone, not to 356 c/s tone/

Front 17

Discrimination can untrain _____. How?

Back 17

Can untrain generalization, by presenting the new stimulus without the US.

Front 18

What is higher-order conditioning?

Back 18

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS.

Front 19

Examples of CR in appetitive conditioning:

Back 19

Pavlov's dog's salivation.

Quails: Light (CS) leading to mounting (CR)

Front 20

Examples of Aversive conditioning:

Back 20

Fly Shock: CR is attempt to escape

Conditioned Emotional response: CR is freezing

Eye blink: CR is blink

Front 21

What is Appetitive Conditioning?

Back 21

New reflex prepares to obtain the US

Front 22

What is Aversive Conditioning?

Back 22

New CS -> CR reflex helps avoid noxious US

Front 23

Can the CR be different from the UR? What would prove this?

Back 23

Yes the CR can be very different. Eyeblink conditioning. Initially is rapid, becomes slower.

Front 24

How does blocking work? Analogy

Back 24

When light and tone are trained at the same time, both produce a modest reaction. When pre-trained with light, tone produces no reaction.

Think of the stock analyst Anne who is already perfect. Why would you need Jeff, who may be just as perfect, but is redundant.

Front 25

What is happening when blocking occurs? What does this suggest?

Back 25

Prior experience with the light + US association blocks learning.

Suggests that classical conditioning is about tracking information in the environment

Front 26

Process of Latent Inhibition

Back 26

Pre-expose to CS repeatedly. Then pair CS with US. Learning is inhibited. Animal has learned that CS is useless and has stopped paying attention.

Front 27

Associative Bias:

When tone + taste paired with Nausea:

When tone + taste paired with shock:

Back 27

Some associations are easier to make.

1: Only taste provokes CR

2: Only Tone provokes CR

Front 28

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Back 28

One trial learning where we avoid food/drinks that have made us feel sick

Front 29

Conditioned Emotional Response

Ex:

Back 29

Produced by a neutral stimulus that has been paired with with an emotion-producing stimulus. Some stimuli automatically produce fear reactions, like loud noises.

Ex: Pairing a tone with a shock (CER) then only using tone

Front 30

US Modulation Approaches -- in which learning

Back 30

changes processing of the US

Front 31

CS Modulation Approaches -- in which learning

Back 31

changes processing of the CS

Front 32

Rescola Wagner model highlights importance of

Back 32

expectancy

Front 33

According to R-S model: for conditioning to occur

Back 33

the US must be surprising, which then activates a memory search which leads to associative learning.

Front 34

So, according to R-S model unexpected stimuli...

Back 34

Unexpected stimuli will be learned, while expected stimuli will not. Strength of association depends on level of surprise

Front 35

Mackintosh has proposed a model of classical conditioning focused on...

Back 35

attention, and the way the CS is processed.

Front 36

According to Mackintosh model, stimuli have a _____ that determines ______.

Back 36

salience; attention

Front 37

According to Mackintosh model, repeated exposure with no consequences decreases...

Back 37

salience (attention); a form of habituation.

Front 38

According to Mackintosh model, in latent inhibition, pre-exposure to the CS decreases...

Back 38

attention for that stimulus, making it harder to learn about in the training phase.

Front 39

______ model was an attempt to integrate both CS and US models

Back 39

Wagner's Soap

Front 40

Thompson and associated discovered that eyeblink conditioning in rabbits depended on the ____

Back 40

cerebellum

Front 41

What is the CS input Pathway?

Back 41

1. Sensory Nuclei of the Pontine Nuclei

2. Mossy Fibers split to: granule cells in the cerebellar cortex and to the inerpositus nucleus in the cerebellum

Front 42

US input pathway?

Back 42

1. Inferior olive of midbrain to fibers that split to:

1a: Interpositus Nucleus

2a: Purkinje neurons in the cerebellar cortex

Front 43

Purkinje cells of _____ _____, which collect both _____ and _____ input

Back 43

Cerebellar cortex; CS and US input

Front 44

Function of Purkinje cells?

Back 44

1. Inhibits output neurons of the interpositus, which can activate CR

Front 45

Interpositus output also inhibits

Back 45

initial stage of US pathway

Front 46

Interpositus can generate:

Back 46

CRs but not URs

Front 47

CS-US association may be stored in:

Back 47

Purkinje cells, Cerebellar interpositus nucleus

Front 48

In many well-trained animals, the Purkinje cells switch off in response to the CS, causing what to happen?

Back 48

Shutting off the Purkinje inhibition to the interpositus the CS to generate CRs.

Front 49

Brain stimulation as opposed to normal training saw what kinds of results in the eyeblink tests?

Back 49

Similar results

Front 50

Conditioning is impaired when the ______ is damaged. Why?

Back 50

Cerebellum. because the CR's output pathway is the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum

Front 51

How does removal of the Hippocampus affect CC?

Back 51

Does not alter basic paradigms, but does eliminate latent inhibition.

Front 52

Perhaps US modulation occurs in the ____, and CS modulation occurs in the ____

Back 52

Cerebellum; Hippocampus and temporal lobe

Front 53

Hippocampal _____ waves, present during REM sleep and learning, may facilitate memory storage.

Back 53

Theta

Front 54

Can an Aplysia's siphon-withdrawal reflex be classically trained? Example:

Back 54

Yes.

Ex: Pair non-senitizing sail shock (US) with light touch (CS)

Front 55

There is _____ _____ enhancement when classically conditioning Aplysia?

Back 55

Activity-dependent

Front 56

For invertebrates, with repeated training, _____ are activated and return to the _____ to alter which genes are activated.

Back 56

Proteins; Nucleus

Front 57

What does the protein CREB-1 do? CREB-2

Back 57

CREB-1: activated by repeated training, promotes synapse growth

CREB-2: Shut off, as it inhibits synapse growth

Front 58

A conditioned compensatory response is

Back 58

a CR that is the opposite of the UR, helping to balance/correct for the US-UR reflex.

Front 59

Adrenaline example of conditioned compensatory response:

Back 59

Injecting adrenaline (US) causes heart rate increase (UR). CR is the room where it happens.Do it enough times and CR causes decrease in heart rate to maintain homeostasis.

Front 60

Drug tolerance increases with drug use in the same

Back 60

context. It is situation-specific

Front 61

Drug addiction and CCRs.

Back 61

Environmental CSs like smell of drug and environment produce compensatory responses to drug that are opposite of its effects, which then leads to craving the drug