Concepts Of Science Chap 16

Front 1

solar system

Back 1

consist of major planets, satelites of the planets, and other gravity bound objects bound to the sun(asteroids and interplanetary dust)

Front 2

planetary orbits

Back 2

all planets orbit in same direction
all orbits of planets and satellites are in the same place
almost all rotate on their own axis in the same direction.

Front 3

distribution of mass in the solar system

Back 3

virtually all material of the solar system is contained within the sun

Front 4

two types of planets

Back 4

inner rocky or terrestial planets, or gaseous or Jovian planets

Front 5

planetary sattelites

Back 5

mercury and venus-0
earh- 1
mars- 2
jupiter- 30
saturn- 35
uranus- 15
neptune- 8

Front 6

nebular hypothesis

Back 6

local version of the laplace nebular hypothesis of star formation

Front 7

nebulae

Back 7

clouds of dust and gas, which can form stars and their solar systems

Front 8

sequence of events

Back 8

gravity causes gradual contraction of nebular until near end when contraction speeds up and central star mass is formed
collapse causes spinning to occur and cloud rotates in one direction
flattened disk develops due to spinning so that whole mass is shaped like a disk with a lump in the center
planetsesimals collide with one another and begin the process
star enters t-tauri phase when H begins burning inside due to pressures at core; this causes heating and onset of solar wind

Front 9

inner planets

Back 9

planets made up of rocky bodies that are more dense and made of materials with higher melting temps

Front 10

outer planets

Back 10

gaseous bodies that are more similar to the nebular cloud in terms of composition(H and He) and are made of materials with low melting temps

Front 11

stages of formation of inner planets

Back 11

1. hadean event- early melting of the crust due to heating upon contraction of the earlier planet.
2. heavy bombardment- continued accretion of planestesimals in the form of meteors, asteroids, and small planets
3. post-heavy bombardment- develpment of a stable crust upon which oceans and ice sheets may for after an atmosphere develops around the planet

Front 12

Differentiation of planets(earth)

Back 12

heavy materials such as Fe and Ni sink towards the core
ligheter materials move to the crust(O, Si, Al, Ca)

Front 13

iron cotastrophe

Back 13

a viloent sinking event thought to have occurred on Earth when large quantities of Fe and Ni suddenly sank to the core about 4 billion years ago

Front 14

Core

Back 14

a body about 6,800 km across made mainly of Fe and Ni; temps= 5,000 celcius, solid in the interior part and liquid on the outer part
mostly metallic bonds

Front 15

mantle

Back 15

the bulk of the earths mass; a thick layer around the core consisting of minterals rich in O, Si, Mg, and Fe, much denser than crust; mostly ionic bonds

Front 16

asthenosphere

Back 16

a thin layer of rock under low enough pressure and high enough temperature to behave as a ductile material; ductile nature allows crustal plates to move upon it

Front 17

crust

Back 17

a thin layer or shell on the outer part of the Earth; lighter elements are concentrated here

Front 18

big splash theory

Back 18

while the earth was in the hadean stage a small planet struck it and was broken into smaller pieces. this orbiting material coalesced into the moon

Front 19

moons unusual comp

Back 19

there is no water in any lunar minerals and the minerals are more like Earths mantle than any other planet or satellite

Front 20

size of moon

Back 20

moon is very large, larger than mercury or pluto so it could have been formed as a former planet

Front 21

moon has no core

Back 21

the density of the moon is far to low for its size which means it does not have much of an iron core

Front 22

impact basins

Back 22

the large impact basins on the moon are only on one side. this is probably due to the orbital accretion of the moon in earths orbit.(basins only on earths side)

Front 23

evidence of impact events on terrestrial planets

Back 23

impact craters, rotation direction and axial tilt

Front 24

impact craters

Back 24

mercury venus mars and moon all have large impact craters, because there is no atemosphere they are not erroeded like earths. Also earth has a recycling crust

Front 25

rotation direction and axial tilt

Back 25

venus's rotation is opposite of all other planets thought to be from an impact. Earth's tilt is 23.5 tilt towards normal

Front 26

evolution of inner planetary atmospheres

Back 26

early hadean atmosphere
no atmosphere phase
outgassing phase
gravitational escape phase
oxygen pollution phase

Front 27

early hadean atmosphere

Back 27

any gas that accumulated about an inner planet due to gravitational attraction during accretion was blown away during the t-tauri phase of the sun

Front 28

no atmosphere phase

Back 28

follows the t-tauri phase of the sun

Front 29

outgassing phase

Back 29

volcanoes and fissures bring molten material and gasses to the surface from within the planet; main gasses thus entering the new atmosphere, this is still continuing today

Front 30

gravitational escape phase

Back 30

planets with gravitational attraction that is low and thus allow excited atoms of the upper atmoshpwere to escape into space

Front 31

oxygen pollutions stage

Back 31

on earth, evolution of photsynthetic organisms that produce O as was gas caused a change in the atmoshpere. O build up began.

Front 32

Mars planetary history

Back 32

mars formed similar to Earth except there were no moon forming impact on mars. mars developed an atmoshpere due to outgassing like on earth. lost its atemosphere due to gravitational escape)

Front 33

Why is mars red?

Back 33

Fe in siicate minerals was chemically oxidized during Mars "wet period"( when planet had rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans)

Front 34

internal structure of jovian planets

Back 34

solid core of rock at 40,000 celcius and under very high pressure

Front 35

lower mantle

Back 35

metallic H at 11,000 celcius. upper mantle of liquid covalent H under high pressure

Front 36

atmospheric structure

Back 36

global cloud bands that rapidly move along parallel lines of latitude
giant cloud spots or storms that persist between cloud bands for centuries; formed by shear between cloud bands moving at different speeds.

Front 37

Galilean moons

Back 37

Io- inner moon, most volcanically active planetary body in the solar system
Europa- 2nd moon, ice world with huge fissure cracks in the icy crust; may have a liquid ocean below the icre crust, most probable home of life outside earth in solar system
ganymede- the third moon from jupiter, and ice world with a possible ocean below the ice
callisto- the outer large moon of jupiter, an ice world that is the most heavily cratered body in the solar system.

Front 38

other jovian moons

Back 38

there are about thirty satellites of jupiter most of them captured asteroids or comets.

Front 39

saturn moons

Back 39

there are about 35 satellites of saturn
titan- a moon so large it is the size of mercury; a cloud shrouded, methane ice world with methane lakes and rivers. surface is covered with several meters of organic matter produced in the atemosphere.

Front 40

saturns rings

Back 40

bands of finely divided ice and rock that circle saturn in an equatorial band; debris in the rins range from 1mm to 10m long. rings are likely shattered satellites and are maintained in place by the gravity of smalle shepard moons.

Front 41

other jovian rings

Back 41

all jovian rings: all 4 jovian planets have ring systems but only saturns are visible from earth.

Front 42

pluto

Back 42

only planetary body of size in the solar system not visited at least once by a space craft from Earth
one sattelite that is almost the same size

Front 43

asteroids

Back 43

small rocky minor planets that orbit the sun; most occur in the belt between mars and jupiter in a region of the solar system where a planet did not form. Asteroids can collide and be pushed out into other orbits.

Front 44

dinosaur

Back 44

many think the dinosaurs probably were killed by an asteroid destroying them from an impact

Front 45

comets

Back 45

small rock bodies coated by ices which mainly dwell outside the solar system in the kuipler belt and oort cloud.

Front 46

long period comets

Back 46

come from the kuiper belt of oort cloud on orbits of 1000s of years in duration; most make one orbit of the sun and if they survive solar passage then never return.

Front 47

short period comets

Back 47

originally came from the kuiper belt or oort could but their orbits were changed by jupiter so that they are now in orbits of a few 10s to 100s years; they return periodically

Front 48

meteroids

Back 48

small fragments that orbit the sun

Front 49

meteors

Back 49

a meteroid that enters earth's atmosphere and burns up due to the heat caused bby entry. this causes a bright flash of light in the nigh sky.

Front 50

meteorites

Back 50

any piece of space debris that passes through earths atmosphere and impacts or lands on the surface

Front 51

iron

Back 51

made of interlocking nickel iron crystals

Front 52

stony iron

Back 52

made of interlocking nickel iron crystals embeded silicon

Front 53

stony

Back 53

made of silicone minerals

Front 54

carbonaceous chondrites

Back 54

contain silicate minterals with a large amount of organic carbon and peculiar round objects called chondrules and amino acids