Concepts Of Biology Chapter 4

Front 1

Cell Wall (plant cell)

Back 1

a rigid structure outside the cell membrane that supports and protects the cell (for plants, fungi, and some protists and bacteria).The cell wall is made of tough cellulose fibers and other materials made by the cell.

Front 2

Cell Membrance

Back 2

structure that forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into and out of the cell.Food, oxygen and water move into the cell through the membrane. Waste products also leave through the membrane.

Front 3

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 3

that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

Front 4

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 4

In any cyclic process the entropy will either increase or remain the same. Entropy: a state variable whose change is defined for a reversible process at T where Q is the heat absorbed. Entropy: a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work.

Front 5

Diffusion

Back 5

No transporter, No energy/ lipid soluble molecules and gases

Front 6

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 6

Transporter but no energy/ Some sugars and amino acids

Front 7

Active transport

Back 7

Transporter and Energy/Sugars, amino acids, ions

Front 8

bulk transport

Back 8

vesicle formation, macromolecules

Front 9

Five forms of energy

Back 9

Radiant, Chemical, Nuclear, Electrical, Mechanical

Front 10

Exergonic Reaction

Back 10

Releases Energy

Front 11

Endergonic Reaction

Back 11

Requires energy to occur

Front 12

Prokaryotic

Back 12

organisms without a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular.

Front 13

Eukaryotic

Back 13

organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and a cytoskeleton. The most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.

Front 14

Golgi bodies

Back 14

stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move proteins to the outside of the cell. Golgi bodies are the packaging and secreting organelles of the cell.

Front 15

Vacuole Membrane

Back 15

This is the thin layer that separates the vacuole from the cytoplasm. This thin membrane allows materials to move in and out of the vacuole.

Front 16

Vacuole

Back 16

store water, food, pigments, waste or other materials.

Front 17

Nucleus

Back 17

The largest organelle in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. Contains genetic blueprints for the operations of the cell.

Front 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 18

a folded membrane that moves materials around in the cell.

Front 19

Chloroplast

Back 19

contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This is what makes plants green. take in sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make oxygen and sugar (a form of food). This process is called photosynthesis.

Front 20

Cytoplasm

Back 20

contains a large amount of water and many chemicals and structures that carry out the life processes in the cell. These structures that the cytoplasm contains are called organelles.

Front 21

Rough ER

Back 21

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm