Coms

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public speaking

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event where group agree that one person will speak and direct event

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second orality

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preference for tv,internet direct communication

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rhetoric

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persuasion

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mutuality of concern

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where speakers can anticipate each others words

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Informative speaking: dialogue speakers

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show respect for different opinions, invitational rhetoric-persuade but invite participation

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Meaning: social construction of meaning

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meaning is made together,not alone

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meaning: contextual

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meaning made by situation or context

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meaning: discourse communities

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meaning worked out over time

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Public speaking draws from these three skill

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writing, conversation, performance

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four stages of learning skills

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1)unconscious incompetence, 2)conscious incompetence 3)conscious competence, 4)unconscious competence

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Five Stages of Public Speaking

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1) Plan 2) investigate 3) compose
4) practice 5) present

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Four Stages of Creativity/Planning

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1) preparation 2) incubation
3) illumination 4) refinement

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Different communicative resources depended on in different phases

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writing=preparation
performance=practice
conversation= delivery

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Audience Analysis

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audience drives the message, analyze audience demographics

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Relating to an audience: oblivious, adapting, respecting and understanding

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oblivious=worst understanding
adapting=better understanding
respecting/understanding= best understanding

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Audience attitude toward topic

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favorable, neutral, unfavorable

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credibility

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percieved qualities that make listener inclined to believe speaker

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hecklers
1rst level tactics
2nd level tactics

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1rst level tactics- common ground, fair play, tone of reasonableness
2nd level- zinger, enough is enough

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Hedgers

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show uncertainty
i think, maybe, possibly

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message type

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physical, noise, psychological

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Aristotle: Ethos

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persuasion by speakers credibility/ trustworthiness

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Aristotle mode of persuasion

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Ethos, Logos, Pathos

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Aristotle Logos:

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persuasion by appealing to audience logic

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Aristotle: Pathos

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persuasion by appealing to audience emotions

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Three types of ethos

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Prior, Demonstrates, terminal

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Primary audience outcome

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if speech is success what will audience do

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contributing audience outcomes

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contribute to primary audience outcome

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Types of speech topics:

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informative, persuasive, evocative, invitational

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Informative speech topic

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topic that informs audience

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Persuasive speech topics

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topics aimed at persuading audience

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Invitations speech topics

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invite audience to explore topic

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Evocative speech topics

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topics that evoke emotion in audience

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Mutually exclusive main points

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main point that exclude ideas subsumed by other categories

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coordinate points

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points of equal importance

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subordinate points

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points of lesser importance that support other ideas

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Organizing main points by:

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chronological, topical, cause-effect, spatial, problem-solution,

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Chronological main point organization

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organizing main points by time

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Spatial main point organization:

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organizing main points by physical location or geography

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cause-effect main point organization

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organizing main point by cause and effect

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problem-solution main point organization

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organizing main points by problems and solutions

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Topical pattern main point organization

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developing each main point on its own without any order or organization

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Connectives

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Chronological, cause-effect, equality, opposition, part to whole,

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chronological connective

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next, after, before, second type of connective

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cause and effect connective

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because, which led to, caused, since, thus, therefore, consequently type of connective

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equality type of connective

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similarly, equally, another, also connective

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opposition type connective

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but, in contrast, however, conversely, on the contrary, connective

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internal preview

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preview point before covering it

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internal summary

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review point after covering it

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Logical orientation

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preview of what will be discussed in introduction

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common attention getter pitfalls

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bad joke,poorly told joke, inappropriate, attention getter

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code switching

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changing dialect between cultures

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culture

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group of similar interest

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goal of public speaking

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increase audience knowledge

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golden rule of audience analysis

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audience drives the message

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cognitive discidence

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appearance sends different message then contenct

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five canons of rhetoric:

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invention, disposition, style, memory, delivery

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first canon of rhetoric

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invention: pick topic, brainstorm, narrow, research

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second canon of rhetoric

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dispositon: structure hook-three part intro-body-conclusion-impact

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third canon rhetoric

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style: how speech is dressed, language used

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fourth canon of rhetoric

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memory "the lost canon"

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fifth canon of rhetoric

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delievery

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overcoming fear of speaking

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cognitive restructuring, classifying fears

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Modes of delivery

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Extemporaneous, impromptu, manuscript, memory

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Four steps of extemporaneous speech

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1) full outline 2) key words 3) word speech 4) note card

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Practice pitfalls

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over practice, too much feedback, mental not verbal practice

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Practicing speech stages

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early stages,middle stages, final stages

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early stages practice

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flesh out outline

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middle stages practice

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get feedback practice stage

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final stage practice

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refine stage practice

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vocal delivery

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variety of pitch, rate, volume

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physical delivery

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make only relevant and purposeful movements

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Informative speech strategies

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avoid overload, simple to complex, familiar-unfamiliar, speech strategies

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Techniques of clear explanation

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organizers, emphasis clues, liberal examples, analogies, repetition, multiple channels techniques of

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presentation aides

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must increase knowledge, relevant, appropriate, add communicative dimension beyond vocal delivery

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Style

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choice of words and how speaker strings them together

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Oral styles

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reference to time, cant go forward or backwards, reviews, repetitions, shorter sentences/phrases, signpost,
internal summaries, preiews

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writtin styles

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no reference to time. reader can go back and forward in time. precise,specific,not wordy.

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immediacy

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not having barriers between audience speaker

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three purposes of any speech

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evoke, inform, persuade

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research

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more unfavorable audience is, more research draw from

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Supporting materials

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Definitions, Statistics, examples, testimony

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Logical definition

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dictionary definition

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etymological/historical definition

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definition from history or root of word used

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operational definition

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process/steps that make up definition

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definition by example

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example used to define

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definition by authority

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definition by boss or supreme court

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factual example

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real life actual example

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hypothetical example

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made up scenario as example

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statistic: fallacy of average

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using misleading reference to "average"

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Statistic: fallacy of unknown base

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using misleading statistic that disreguards where sample is from

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Statistic: fallacy or arbitrary time frame

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statistic from special time that does not reflect accuracy

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testimonies

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using people statements to get point across

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Reasoning

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process of understanding something new by analyzing what we already know

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claims

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statements that need to be substantiated because the audience does not take them for granted

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warrant

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line between claim and evidence/data

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inductive reasoning

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reasoning where evidence is used to establish pattern

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deductive reasoning

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reasoning by using what is already known

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Deductive reasoning: major premise

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broad statement of relationship with deductive reasoning

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deductive reasoning:minor premise

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using major premise to make another connection deductive reasoning

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causal reasoning

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reasoning: two events occur together and one causes another

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reasoning by analogy

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reasoning: comparing uncertainty thing to similar thing that is known

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Ad hominem reasoning fallacy

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Reasoning fallacy:substituting character assassination for logic

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straw figure fallacy reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy:building p flimsy argument then destroying it

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reasoning fallacy of absurd extreme

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reasoning fallacy: taking point to extreme where it can be ridiculed

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reasoning fallacy: slippery slope

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reasoning fallacy: one thing will automatically lead to another

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Circular reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy: argument assumes conclusion it is trying to prove as premise

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semantic reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy: change definition mid reasoning

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false dichotomy reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy: reasoning based on either or statement when other options available

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hasty generalization reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy of stereotype or generalization

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post hoc reasoning fallacy

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reasoning fallacy: this occurred after this there fore it caused it

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Motivational appeals

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devoid emotion, moderate emotion, excessive emotion

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relate speech to listeners needs:

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survival, security, belongingness, esteem, self actualization needs

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Persuasive strategies

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adjust content based on audience favorabeness

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persuasive speaking

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speaking when trying to change audience

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three propositions of persuasive speaking

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fact, value, policy

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Alan Monroe motivational sequence

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attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

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Point organization of persuasive speech

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put strongest point first or last

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primacy principle

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what is said first

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recency principle

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what is said last

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refutation technique

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aknowledging argument and refuting it

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Plato

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father of public speaking

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Plato: dialect

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but best minds together and eliminate possibilities

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Aristotle

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Rhetoric

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Aristotle three types of truth

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1) objective truth
2) subjective truth
3) intersubjective truth

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Aristotle First type of truth

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Objective truth: always true

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Aristotle Second type of truth

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subjective truth: may be true for one person but not all people

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Aristotle third type of truth

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intersubjective truth: attitude found for most of society

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Stephen Toulmin model of argument

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claim-warrant-evidence

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Three types of Claims/Propositions of persuasive speech

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1) proposition/claim of fact
2)proposition/claim of value
3) propositon/ claim of policy

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Nine Figures of argument

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accumulation, anithesis, catalogue, correctio, example, exemplum, hyperbole, praeteritio, prolesis

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Figure of Argument 1: accumulation

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figure of arguments with two or more points in a sentence that say same thing for clarity and emphasis

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figure of argument 2: antithesis

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figure or argument where two or more clause in a sentence oppose each other to chow difference in choice of thinking

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figure of argument 3: catalogue

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figure of argument where list things to show parallel relationship between them

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figure of argument 4: correctio

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figure of argument where modification of what has been said into fitting statement

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figure of argument 5: example

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figure of argument where citation from past is used to show something has or has not worked before

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figures of argument 6: exemplum

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figures of argument where direct quote used to appeal to authority

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figures or argument 7: hyperbole

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figure of argument with irrational exageration of truth

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figures of argument 8: praeteritio

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figure of argument of referring to something by pretending you are not going to refer to it

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figure of argument 9: prolesis

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figure of argument by anticipating refutation and establish common ground

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inherency

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what is preventing problem from beig solved

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structural inherency

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law, structure, guideline preventing problem from being solved

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attitudinal inherency

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societies attitude preventing problem from being solved

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solvency

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solution and proof that solution works