Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Claim: To get an A in this class, you must attend every class session.
Grounds: Ashley, Evan, and Gabriel all attended every class and each got an A |
Argument by Example
|
|
|
Claim: Banning handguns in America will result in a reduction of crime.
Grounds: Handguns are banned in Holland, the UK, and Japan, all places where the crime rate is low. |
Argument by Analogy
|
|
|
Claim: Sharing needles can result in the spread of HIV.
Grounds: HIV is spread by the transmission of body fluids. Warrant: Sharing needles results in (causes) the transmission of body fluids. |
Argument by Cause
|
|
|
Claim: No one should cheat on a test (as a principle).
Grounds: One should always try to be honest. Warrant: Cheating is principled on dishonestly. |
Argument by Principle
|
|
|
Argument where it is based on the assumption of a substance-attribute relationship - based on the assumption that the substance has characteristics
|
Argument by Sign
|
|
|
Several specific cases in a given class are given in order to prove a point.
|
Argument by Example
|
|
|
Similarities between different cases are examined.
|
Argument by Analogy
|
|
|
Warrant illustrates a casual link between the claim and the grounds.
|
Argument by Cause
|
|
|
Argument illustrates a principle which is proven by the data.
|
Argument by Principle
|
|
|
Claim: The university is finally beginning to build a new parking lot.
Grounds: There are bulldozers on campus. Warrant: Bulldozers are a sign that KU is beginning construction. |
Argument by Sign
|
|
|
Appeals to the credibility of a source of information as a source of credibility.
|
Argument from Authority
|
|
|
Claim: A chemical plant should be shut down.
Grounds: Shana believes that the chemical plant should be shut down. Warrant: Shana is an expert. |
Argument from Authority
|
|
|
A confusion of A causing B to occur, versus B happening directly after A happens with no indication of causation.
|
Correlation Versus Causation
|
|
|
"Every day I miss the buss after I eat my cornflakes, therefore cornflakes make me miss the bus."
|
Correlation Versus Causation
|
|
|
Occurs when the argument by example is based on too few instances.
|
Hasty Generalization
|
|
|
"I saw two male penguins. Therefore, all penguins are male"
|
Hasty Generalization
|
|
|
The result of taking collectively that which should only be taken separately, believing that what is true for each individual part is true for the whole.
|
Fallacy of Composition
|
|
|
"The sides of a square are all straight lines. Therefore a square is a straight line"
|
Fallacy of Composition
|
|
|
Assumption that what is true for the whole is true for the parts.
|
Fallacy of Division
|
|
|
"The class average is a C. Therefore, Billy must be a C-student."
|
Fallacy of Division
|
|
|
Argument premised on a policy being rejected not based on its immediate bad effects but rather because of a perceived dangerous direction.
|
Slippery Slope
|
|
|
"Weapon regulation lead to totalitarianism."
|
Slippery Slope
|
|
|
This fallacy is demonstrated by extravagent or exaggerated claims.
|
Hyperbole
|
|
|
"The laundry is a 'mile high', and it is very dangerous"
|
Hyperbole
|
|
|
Asserting causation when only correlation is proven.
|
Post Hoc Propter Ergo Hoc
|
|
|
"Bush is president, and the economy has gone down since his election, therefore Bush caused the economy to go down."
|
Post Hoc Propter Ergo Hoc
|
|
|
Statement that is irrelevant to what one is trying to prove - conclusion that doesn't follow from evidence presented.
|
Non Sequitor
|
|
|
Argument that proves nothing because the claim as been assumed as true in the grounds of the warrant.
|
Begging the Question/ Arguing in a Circle
|
|
|
"God must exist because the Bible says so. God wrote the Bible."
|
Begging the Question/ Arguing in a Circle
|
|
|
Appeals solely to a person's authority to justify a claim
|
Ad Verecundium
|
|
|
"I'm not a doctor, but I play one on TV. Take Tylenol for headaches."
|
Ad Verecundium
|
|
|
Appeals solely to pity or sympathy
|
Ad Misericordium
|
|
|
"I have to receive an A in this class to receive a scholarship!"
|
Ad Misericordium
|
|
|
Attack the source of an argument rather than the argument itself, "name-calling"
|
Ad Hominem
|
|
|
"Hitler was a vegetarian."
|
Ad Hominem
|
|
|
Something is assumed to be true because it hasn't been proved false.
|
Ad Ignorantium
|
|
|
"The government won't let us see Area 51. Therefore, it exists."
|
Ad Ignorantium
|
|
|
Appeal to force or fear
|
Argumentum Ad Baculum
|
|
|
"If you have an abortion, you will burn in hell"
|
Argumentum Ad Baculum
|
|
|
Appeal to numbers
|
Argumentum Ad Populum
|
|
|
"71% of Americans support the death penalty as a crime deterrent, therefore the death penalty must be a deterrent."
|
Argumentum Ad Populum
|
|
|
Asserts that something is right because it has always been done that way
|
Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem
|
|
|
"Two-parent families are the best because it has always been two-parent families."
|
Argumentum Ad Antiquitatem
|
|
|
Attacking a weakened form of an opponent's argument or an argument the opponent didn't advance
|
Straw Person
|
|
|
A: Clean your closet, it is messy.
B: We shouldn't have to clean them every day! |
Straw Person
|
|
|
Introduces an irrelevent issue into a controversy to divert attention from the real issue at hand.
|
Red Herring
|
|
|
"This bond issue shouldn't go to a vote - there are already so many on the ballot!"
|
Red Herring
|
|
|
Implies that there are only two choices available.
|
False Dilemna
|
|
|
"Either you can afford this stereo, or you are going to have to live without music for a while."
|
False Dilemna
|
