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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The internet is clearly a long-term threat to authoritarian regimes because it makes more difficult to control the thoughts and behaviours of citizens |
The Early Optimistic View of the Internet and Authoritarianism |
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Authoritarian regimes cannot __________ _______ ____________ ____________ because it is too anarchic to be controlled by anyone |
counter the internet threat effectively |
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What are 4 areas of challenges to authoritarian regimes? |
1. The public is exposed to outside ideas and images of transition to democracy in other countries 2. Civil society organizations use the internet for logistical organization and dissemination of information 3. The emergence of a domestic business elite is encouraged 4. International Community play a key role in mounting campaigns to encourage international pressures in favour of democratization in the target country |
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What is theauthoritatian "later pessimistic view" of Social Media |
1. Social Media is not an instrument for deep changes because it does not require deep commitment from participants 2. In many countries a large part of the population does not have Social Media 3. Social Media can propagate hatred and prejudice 4. Social Media is often unable to counterbalance corruption, ethnic conflict or the influence of regional autocracies |
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In what 4 ways can Authoritarian Rulers respond to the internet's challenges to their regimes? |
1, Prohibiting Internet Use 2. Restricting Internet Access 3. Filtering content 4. Monitoring on-line behaviour |
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How can new technology be proactively used by determined authoritarian rulers to their own benefit? |
1. Distributing propaganda on the Internet both domestically and internationally 2. Building state-controlled national Intranets that serve as a substitute for the global Internet 3. Implementing e-government services that increase citizens' satisfaction with the Government and even strengthen the power of the state |
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What Countries have Authoritarian Internet? |
Cuba, China, Vietnam, Iran, and Lybia |
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Internet in Cuba The Government has sought to limit the mediums political effect by... |
Carefully circumscribing access to the Internet |
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Can Cubans open e-mail accounts? |
Yes |
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Do Cubans have full access to the World Wide Web? |
No it is restricted |
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Approximately how many individuals can connect to the WWW in Cuba? |
A few thousand |
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How can people access the WWW in cuba? |
From cyber cafes mostly at a high cost |
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What degree of surveillance is their in Cuba for the internet? |
A high degree |
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What is illegal in Vietnam? |
1. To use Internet resources that oppose the state 2. To use Internet to incite opposition to the state 3. To use internet to destabilize Vietnam security, economy or social order |
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How many internet users in Vietnam? |
39 million |
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What does the Communist Government in Vietnam monitor? |
- cellphone chatter - emails - internet activity of cyber dissidents |
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What are Cyber cafes and Internet service providers required to do in Vietnam? |
install monitoring software and store information on users |
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How do dissidents dodge the spying by the Vietnam government through the internet? |
Using Voice over Internet Protocol services (VoIP) such as Skype which are harder to monitor than ordinary telephone |
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What can dissidents do to make detection more difficult in Vietnam? |
- Mix typing with VoIP - Look at the same document at the same time - Change ID's, passwords, email accounts and cellphone numbers very often - Access foreign sites using anonymous proxy servers - Access forbidden sites by using firewall-busting programs |
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Why has the Chinese government promoted widespread access to the internet to over 650 million users? |
To encourage economic growth while at the same time trying to control content |
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How does the Chinese government monitor he internet? |
- Monitor chatrooms and online content - selective arrests and crackdowns - promoting self-censorship |
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What does the Chinese government rely on for internet monitoring? |
- Content filtering systems using special algorithms |
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What is an algorithm? |
A step by step procedure to get something done |
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What does a firewall do in China? |
Blocks net addresses hosting web pages that the authorities would rather people did not see |
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What kind of websites are blocked in China? |
Taiwan, BBC news, Playboy, blogs, health, education, news, entertainment, religion and porn |
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How does the Firewall system work in China? |
It detects when people are searching for particular words and hijacks their session to prevent them from getting the information |
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What has the Government in China pressured internet providers to do? |
Disclose information on dissidents |
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What has the government in China implemented through the internet for their benefit? |
- E-government measures - increased online propaganda - allowed some channeling of public opinion |
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How do people in China go around the censorship? |
Using Proxy servers that act as intermediaries for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers |
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What is a Virtual Private Network? |
A network technology that creates a secure network connection over the internet |
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What does the Government block in Iran and how many do they block? |
Pornographic websites, 240 |
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How many websites does the Government in Iran block for political reasons? |
10, 000 |
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How does Iran's Government block the internet? |
Using very sophisticated filtering system that slows down the Internet |
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Why was journalist Sina Montallebi arrested in 2003 in Iran? |
Because they were blogging |
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What type of legislation have Big American companies opposed in regards to the internet? |
Legislation that would force them to hand over information about their customers to foreign undemocratic governments |
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What are the two building blocks of Electronic Democracy? |
1. E-Participation 2. E-Government |
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What is E-Democracy? |
The vision of a new political reality created by using the Internet leading to either: 1. Representative Democracy 2. Direct Democracy |
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What is Representative Democracy? |
A political reality created by the internet where: - Government and citizens are brought into a closer dialog - a new kind of more participatory democracy being brought about by creating new opportunities for political organization and debate |
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How is public space extended into the cyberspace through e-participation? |
Information is transmitted among and within all the groups - without constraints of time and place The public can provide direct input into the democratic process |
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In E-Participation in what two ways are citizens engaged and interact to improve government and politics? |
1. In a consultative capacity - In electronic forums - Interactive polling 2. In a decision-making capacity - Electronic voting - By supporting various political platforms and candidates |
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How did Obama use E-participation in his campaign? |
- His 2008 campaign used social networking applications under the banner of a movement - created an unforeseen force to raise money, organize locally and fight smear campaigns - Got out the vote that helped them to topple the Clinton machine and then John McCain and the Republicans |
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How is the electronically enhanced democracy landscape in Canada? |
Falling short on expectations |
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What do e-democracy websites in Canada not provide? |
Information that will empower citizens or encourage them to become more involved in democratic life |
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How is the interactivity with elected representatives in Canada? |
Restricted to one on one contact through e-mail with no assurance of response |
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What do Canadian websites say about citizens playing meaningful riles in public policy? |
Nothing |
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Many of the e-democracy websites in Canada are... |
commerical |
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How is the citizen participation in representative democratic process in Canada? |
at its lowest |
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What does e-voting do? |
- enable some citizens to vote - facilitate the voting of others but there is not solid evidence that it significantly increases overall participation in elections |
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What are the problems with E-voting? |
- Authentication - Data trials - Recounting - Proprietary code - Household pressures - Vote theft possibly |
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Why is authentication an issue with e-voting? |
- if you identify yourself there is not much secrecy - if you use a PIN number there is no way of knowing who actually uses it - In some places (Germany_ voters were selling their postal votes on e-Bay |
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Why is Vote Theft possible with E-Voting? |
- Website spoofing - Malicious software - computer hacking |
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What is Elections Canada pushing for? |
E-elections in addition to traditional, technology free voting |
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What is the Internet used by the Government, Political Parties and Advocacy groups for? |
- to provide information - communicate - encourage political participation -deliver services |
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Although there is positive uses of the internet by the government, political parties and advocacy groups what else could the technology do? |
Reinforce control and surveillance powers |
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What does E-Government involve and enable? |
Involve: the use of the Internet to deliver information about democracy and government to the public or to other branches of government Enables: access to a wider variety of public information to improve communication between the government and people and to make government services more efficient |
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What does E-Government deliver? |
Public services to people's homes or multimedia kiosks - Citizens access to personal benefits - Procurement including bidding, purchasing and payment - Electronic tax returns (e.g. service Canada) |
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How is E-Government the same as E-Business? |
It can achieve benefits like: - greater efficiency - greater productivity - cost-reduction - treating citizens like customers |
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How is E-Government different than E-business? |
The Government: - cannot choose its customers - public service ethic - supple and demand for services not normally market driven - need for accountability, democracy - provides institutional and service framework for national economy and society |
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What years was the Canadian Government On-line Initiative? |
2001 - 2005 |
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What was the Canadian Government Online Initiative? |
A government project to provide information and service on the Internet by 2005 |
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What was the goal of the Canadian Government Online Initiative? |
To make electronic government services: - accessible to all - less time-consuming and costly to use - higher quality and more comprehensive - private and secure - responsive to what Canadians want |
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How could e-democracy threaten traditional relationships between voters and their representatives? |
- if snapshot polls are used extensively |
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Why is adequate technology not a guarantee for democracy? |
- the internet is not inherently democratic - political, social and organizational forces determine the outcome of Internet and other ICT developments |
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How does the information revolution erode the bonds between people that are needed for a healthy democracy? |
- The internet encourages people to engage in individualized electronic pastimes instead of real life interactions in social settings - The internet allows users to avoid completely opinion they dislike |
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How does the information revolution NOT erode the bonds between people that are needed for a healthy democracy? |
New forums of community emerge in cyberspace, some of which involve strong bonds between people |
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What are the six layers of culture the internet consists of? |
1. The very early one: open source, academic 2. The hackers one: free diffusion of innovation 3. The communitarian one: socially goal oriented 4. The entrepreneurial one: new businesses that spread through the world using the internet 5. The wireless communication oneL mobile youth culture, communities built on permanent connectivity and interaction 6. The social media, particularly the social networks that enable people to be together and do things together |
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What is Social Media? |
Internet-based and mobile services that provide a new way of communication by allowing users to: - exchange all messages in different forms - contribute user-created content - participate in virtual communities - be active in on-line social networks |
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What is a blog? What are some hosts? |
A web-log or online journal Blogger, Wordpress |
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What is a microblog? What are some hosts? |
A status-update allowing people to share short updates about themselves and see updates of others Twitter, Tumblr |
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What are media sharing websites? What are some hosts? |
Websites allowing users to post video and photographs Youtube, Flickr, Instagram |
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What is a Wiki? What is a Host? |
A collective website where any participant is allowed to modify any page or create a new page Wikipedia |
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What is Social Bookmarking? What are some examples? |
Allowing users to organize and share links to websites Delicious, Digg, Pinterest |
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What is Virtual World Content? What is an example? |
A game like virtual environment in which users can interact SecondLife |
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What is a Kid' Virtual World? What are some examples? |
A game like virtual environment geared towards children where they can interact through games Webkins, Neopets |
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What is a Social Network? |
A kind of social media that allows individuals to interact by: - constructing a public or semi-public profile within a closed system - articulating a list of other users with whom they can share text, music, photos, videos, etc. - viewing and traversing their list of connections and those made by others within the system |
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Where did social network come from? |
Came out of an entrepreneurial initiative but also because people wanted to do things together, share their lives, and this technology enabled them to do so |
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What are some examples of social networks? |
Facebook, myspace, linkedin |
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What are the 4 attributes of social media? |
1. accessibility: anyone can access it 2. persistence: content posted remains there by default 3. replicability: content can be copied and shared 4. searchability : content can be easily found |
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What percentage of Canadians are online? |
60% |
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How many Canadians visit social networks at least once a week? |
50% |
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What is the most active age group on social media? |
18 - 24 |
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Who uses social networks more, women or men? |
women |
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How many individuals who use social networks are on facebook? |
86% |
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What are the downsides of social networks? |
- bullying - infringement on privacy - incorrect information - unsolicited information - unwanted persistence - defamation |
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What was education like in the Agricultural Society? |
- narrow education focusing on basic skills - many one-room schools - schools started and finished early to leave time for chores |
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What was education like in the Industrial Society? |
Followed the factory model: - teaching students basic skills and facts needed for industrial jobs which they kept for life - large schools where students sat in neat rows - very disciplined - teacher acted as a "foreman" - passive learning |
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What do some people demand of the education system in the Information Society? |
That it reflect the needs and technological possibilities of the society - extensive use of Information and Communication Technology - classrooms experience stresses critical thinking and teamwork, compromise and communication - Students to assume some of the functions previously reserved for teachers i.e. peer tutors |
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What is the role of teachers in the Information Society? |
Teachers are to be guides or mentors, help students navigate through information, gather organize and evaluate information and decide how to present it |
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Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution what has technology been blamed for? |
Massive Unemployment |
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What is the Optimistic view of computers and employment? |
- computers eliminate some jobs but create others (computer designers, programmers, chip makers etc.) - the latest apps trend creates new jobs - Computers create more jobs then they destroy - Computers have not caused significant unemployment |
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What is the Upskilling claim of computers in employment? |
- Automation occurs in already routinized work situations - new computer technology takes the drudge work out of information processing, giving people more time to concentrate on conceptual and decision making tasks |
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What is the pessimistic view of computers and employment? |
- computers eliminate a much wider variety of jobs than any other single technology in the past - Information and Communication technology replaces old tasks and operations through automation - the app industry does not make up for jobs destroyed by IT - jobs based on information intermediation will be lost through "disintermediation" |
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How does technology effect job opportunities? |
Jobs are more highly skilled causing less opportunity to advance without training |
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How does technology effect society and class? |
- Because of automation unskilled, uneducated workers face a lifetime of minimum wage - this creates an unbalanced society with only two classes: - a growing mass of poor, uneducated people - a shrinking class of affluent educated people |
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What is the deskilling claim? |
- Information technology will strip relatively skilled jobs of their conceptual content which becomes built into software - machines will take over the skilled jobs, leaving humans to supervise a computer controlled activity |
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How does new information technology produce a more polarized distribution of skills? |
- a mass of unskilled clerical or manual workers at the bottom - a small number of "conceptual workers" at the top |
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Define Deskilling |
When a job is transformed so that it requires less skill |
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Define Upskilling |
When a job becomes more technical requiring the worker to have more skills |
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What is an "electronic cottage?" |
This describes a home where technology allows a person to work while at home |
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What is telecommuting? |
When employees work away from a company's standard workplace through telecommunications: telephone, computer, fax, etc. |
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Why is telecommuting a positive? |
- reduces the number of automobile commuters, thus saving energy and reducing pollution - saves corporations' rental expenses - saves travel time - allows for a more flexible schedule - can increase productivity |
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Why is telecommuting a negative? |
- doesn't fit jobs requiring interaction - requires self-discipline - office social life missing - low visibility - alienation - another way of making overtime work "normal" - companies are driven by 'bottom line' |
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What is the ideal work situation as reported by telecommuters? |
Commuting to the office 1 or 2 days each week and working at home the others |
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How many Canadian jobs are telework-compatible according to Stats Canada? |
Half |
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What is Artificial Intellegence |
Attempting to use computers to simulate human mental processes |
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What is a weak Artificial intelligence Claim? |
- machines can be made to act AS IF they were intelligent e.g. translation software |
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What is a strong Artificial Intelligence claim? |
Machine that act intelligently have real, conscious minds on a level at least equal to humans |
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What is the Turning Test? |
A human communicated with a computer via teletype. If the human can't tell he is talking to a computer or another human it passes |
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Who is Eliza the Computer Therapist? |
- The most famous AI program so far - One of the first software programs to converse in a limited form of natural language - Based on the turning test - It twisted patients statements back at them like a non-directive psychotherapist |
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What were the flaws in Eliza the Computer Therapist? |
- No reasoning ability - No understanding of her own motives - Could not plan her actions - Could not learn |
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What did early Artificial Intelligence work focus on? |
- games because they were easy to represent in the computer's digital memory, they had clearly defined rules and the goals were unmistakable. - game researchers could focus on the concrete question "How can I create a program that wins consistently?" |
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Who was Deep Blue? |
- A computer who played chess - Beat the chess master by one game in a 6 game tournament in May 1997 |
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What is an expert system? |
a software program designed to replicate the decision-making process of a human expert - knows a lot about a rather limited domaine of knowledge - can be useful tools in conjunction with human intelligence to solve certain kinds of problems |
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What is at the foundation of every expert system? |
A knowledge base that contains encoded knowledge from a certain domain |
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What does an expert system do? |
Process knowledge encoded in the knowledge base to respond to a user's request for advice. |
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What were the first expert systems developed around? |
Medical knowledge base |
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Who has been the most enthusiastic community about expert systems? |
The business community |
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What advantages to expert systems offer? |
- help train new employees - reduce the number of human errors - take care of routine tasks so workers can focus on more challenging jobs - provide expertise when no experts are available - preserve the knowledge of experts after those experts leave the organization |
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What is pattern recognition? |
identifying recurring patters in input data with the goal of understanding or categorizing that input |
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What is Image Analysis? |
the process of identifying objects and shapes in a photograph, drawing, video or other visual image |
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What is Optical character recognition? |
software that locates and identifies printed characters embedded in images |
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What is Automatic speech recognition? |
a system that converts spoken works into machine-readable input by using pattern recognition techniques similar to those used by vision and Optical Character Recognition systems |
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What is synthesized speech? |
an application that enables a computer to speak like humans by generating speech and sound from text |
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What is the definition of a robot? |
a computer-controlled machine designed to perform specific manual tasks |
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What is a robot controlled by? |
a microprocessor embedded in the robot's shell or a supervisory computer that controls the robot from a distance |
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What do some critics maintain due to the belief that scientists will eventually create artificial beings that are more intelligent than their creators? |
- artificial intelligence will downgrade human wisdom, judgement, empathy, sympathy and self-sacrifice |
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What is Data? |
raw unorganized facts representing events in an organization or in other enviornments |
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what is information? |
data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to humans |
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What is knowledge? |
the "know-how" of using information correctly |
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What was the first narrow definition of computer's role in business? |
Electronic Data Processing |
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What was Electronic Data Processing centred around and mainly using? |
Centred around Data and mainly using accounting applications |
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What is the broader, later, definition of computers roe in business? |
Information technology |
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What is information technology centred around and what did it generally do? |
Centred around information and helps with business decisions including: - online information - budgets, marketing, stats - communication with employees |
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What is an information system? |
a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in any organization |
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What is a business information system? |
an information system centred on significant business people, places and processes within and outside a given organization |
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Is a Business Information System manual or computer-based? |
It can be either |
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What type of system is Computer Based Information System? |
a socio-technical system |
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What is the technical side of a Computer based information system? |
Information Technology - computer hardware, software and telecommunications equipment used to capture, store, process and distribute information Process - set of steps used to carry out a specific activity |
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What is the social side of computer based information system? |
People - all the individuals directly involved Structure - relationship among individuals |
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Other than providing the benefits of any Information System what can a Computer Based Information System help an organization to do? |
- achieve great efficiencies by automating parts of its business process - rethink and streamline business proceses |
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What are the 4 parts of a Computer Based Information System? |
Input, process, output and feedback |
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What is input? |
collection of raw data |
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What is process? |
manipulation and analysis of raw data turning it into information |
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What is output? |
distribution of information to people or activities where it will be used |
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What is feedback? |
Output returned to some members of the organization to help them evaluate and correct actions |
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What are the capabilities of a computer based information system? |
- fast and accurate transactions - a database for large capacity, fast-access storage - fast communications - reduces information overload - spans boundaries between functional areas - provides support for decision making |
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What does a transaction processing system do? |
perform and record daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business at the operational level |
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What does an office automation system do? |
includes computer systems that are designed to increase productivity of data workers and others in the office |
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What does a knowledge-work system do? |
help knowledge workers to create and integrate new knowledge in the organization |
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What is an example of a transaction processing system? |
Merchant credit card processing |
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What is an example of Office Automation Systems? |
Work processing, electronic mail |
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What is an example of knowledge-work systems? |
engineering design workstations helping to generate new designs |
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What does a management information system do? |
provides middle managers up-to-date information on operations and performance that are needed for planning, controlling and decision making purposes |
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What are management information systems inputs? |
high volume data |
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What is management information systems processing? |
simple routines (summaries, comparisons) |
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What are management information systems outputs? |
summaries and reports of the basic operations of the company |
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What does a decision-support system do? |
provide professionals and middle managers advanced data-analysis tools to help them make non-routine and rapidly changing decisions |
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What is more targeted a decision support system or a management information system? |
decision support system |
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what is decision support systems inputs? |
internal information from transaction processing system and management information system as well as external sources |
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what is a decision support systems process? |
interactive, modelling and "what-if" analysis, data mining |
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What is a decision support systems output? |
Decision analysis and special reports |
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What does an executive support system do? |
helps upper management to make strategic decisions by providing advanced graphics and communication capabilities |
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What are executive support systems inputs? |
summarized information from internal management information systems and decision support system and also external data |
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what are executive support systems processing? |
filter, compress and track critical information |
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What are executive support systems outputs? |
consolidated data and projections in graphic form |
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what does the network revolution in business incorporate? |
- flattening organizations - decentralization - flexibility - separating work from location - low transaction costs - empowerment - collaborative work - reorganizing work-flows |
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What is electronic commerce? |
the new model for the provisions of goods and services |
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what does electronic commerce incorporate? |
- internet linking buyers and sellers - goods and services are advertised, bought and exchanged worldwide - removal of intermediate levels - improved quality of goods and services - increase speed of service delivery - established business compelled to establish internet strategies |
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What is electronic commerce aimed at? |
cutting costs |
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What is electronic business |
a business to business system allowing businesses to sell to other businesses using the internet or an extranet |
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what is an extranet? |
an internal network, like an internet. |
