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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
five classical components of computer |
input output memory datapath control |
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basic operations of computer |
arithmetic data transfer logical conditional branch jump |
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levels of program language |
high level language assembly language hardware representation |
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layers below your program |
application software system software (compiler, operating system) hardware (processor,memory, IO) |
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number bases |
binary (2) octal (8) decimal (10) hexadecimal (16) |
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solution negative numbers |
two's complement for signed numbers: leading zero's means positive (MSB) leading one's means negative (MSB) in MIPS 32 bit word, the middle word with one leading one and rest of zero's, does not have positive complement |
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MSB,LSB |
Most Significant Bit, Least Significant Bit |
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negating two's complement number |
invert add 1 |
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two's complement: word length change |
for example from 8 bits to 16 bit Copy MSB into empy bits |
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overflow |
result of operation is too large for finite computer word |
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detecting overflow |
no overflow: when adding positive and negative numbers signs are the same for subtraction occurs when the value affects the sign of the result |
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Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) |
abstract interface between hardware and lowest-level software, that encompasses all the informattion necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly |
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stored-program concept |
the idea that instructions and data of many types can be stored in memory as numbers |
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memory conflicting requirements |
fast, large and cheap solution: hierarchy of memory from top to bottom: fast to slow |
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memory: registers and main memory |
MIPS: provides 32 register with word size (32 bit) use byte address to access main memory |
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memory access instructions |
lw load word from memory into register sw store word from register into memory offset use offset to access array elements in base address [pay attention to word size (bytes), this will scale the offset] |
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logical operations |
SHIFT sll (shift left logical) srl (shift right logical) AND and (mask bits in word, result displays 1 only if both operands contain 1) OR or (include bits in word, places 1 in result if either operand is a bit) NOT nor (invert bits in word) |
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conditional branch & unconditional jump |
branch to labeled instruction if condition is true beq (both are equal) bne (both are unequal) jump to instruction j |
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program counter (PC) |
implicit in the stored-program concept is the need to have a register to hold the address of the current instruction being executed points to next instruction to be executed |
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Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU) purposes |
address calculations of memory-reference instructions operation execution of arithmetic-logical instructions comparison for branches |
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spilling registers |
putting less commonly used variables into memory as solution to programs uses more variables than computer has registers |
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steps of executing a program |
Fetch instructions Decode instructions Fetch data (from memory to processor registers) Execute instructions Store results (memory or registers) Change PC (points to following instruction) Repeat (go to step one) |