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532 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3-D graphics
A type of digital
graphics format that displays a
three-dimensional image on a
two-dimensional space. 449
3-D graphics software
The
software used to create threedimensional
wireframe objects,
then render them into images.
124
Access control
Security
measures that limit access to
systems, such as databases. 655
Accounting software
A category
of software that includes
accounting, money management,
and tax preparation software.
126
Ad hoc report
A customized
report (also called a demand
report) generated as needed.
561
Ad-serving cookie
A cookie
installed by a marketing firm to
track user activities on Web sites
containing its ads. 400
Adaptive utilities
Utility software
that alters a device’s user
interface to create an accessible
environment for individuals with
disabilities. 130
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
The
part of the CPU that performs
arithmetic and logical operations
on the numbers stored in its registers.
31
Always-on connection
In the
context of Internet access, a permanent
connection, as opposed
to a connection that is established
and dropped as needed.
307
Analog data
Data that is measured
or represented on a
continuously varying scale, such
as a dimmer switch or a watch
with a sweep second hand. 22
Analysis phase
Tasks performed
by the project team
whose goal is to produce a list
of requirements for a new or
revised information system. 571
Android
An open source operating
system used primarily for
handheld devices. 201
Anonymous proxy service
A server on the Internet that can be
used to forward Web requests
after cloaking the originating
address for users who want to
surf anonymously. 403
Antispyware
Software that
blocks spyware from entering a
computer. 403
Antivirus software
A computer
program used to scan a computer’s
memory and disks to
identify, isolate, and eliminate
viruses. 167
Application development tool
Software, such as 4GLs, expert
system shells, and component
objects, that can be assembled
into the application software for
an information system. 578
Application software
Computer
programs that help you perform
a specific task such as word
processing. Also called application
programs, applications, or
programs. 16
Application testing
The process
of testing newly developed
application software by running
unit tests, integration tests, and
system tests. 584
Apps
Short for applications;
popularly used to refer to applications
available for the iPhone,
iPad, and other mobile devices.
16
Assembly language
A low-level
computer programming language
that uses simple commands and
is translated into machine language
by an assembler. 677
Audio compression
Techniques
used to reduce the size of files
that contain audio data. 424
Audio editing software
A
program that enables users to
create and edit digital voice and
music recordings. 121
Authentication protocol
Passwords, user IDs, and biometric
measures used to verify a
person’s identity. 34
AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
A video file format, developed
by Microsoft, that was once the
most common format for desktop
video on the PC. 458
Backup
A duplicate copy of a
file, disk, or tape. Also refers to a
Windows utility that allows you to
create and restore backups. 222
Backup software
A set of utility
programs that performs a variety
of backup-related tasks, such
as helping users select files for
backup, copying, and restoring.
228
Bandwidth
The data
transmission capacity of a communications
channel. Digital
signals are measured in bits per
second; analog signals in Hertz.
251
Binary number system
A
method for representing numbers
using only two digits: 0 and 1.
Contrast to the decimal number
system, which uses ten digits: 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. 23
Bitmap graphic
An image, such
as a digital photo, that is stored
as a grid work of colored dots.
430
Bitrate
A ratio such as 5:1 that
indicates the ratio of compression
that has been applied to
a file. High compression ratios
such as 35:1 indicate more
compression so data can be contained
in smaller files. 457
BlackBerry OS
The operating
system software designed for
handheld BlackBerry devices.
203
Blu-ray
A high-capacity storage
technology that stores up to 25
GB per layer on Blu-ray discs
(BDs). 81
Bluetooth
A wireless technology
used in conjunction with standard
Ethernet networks that allows
data transfer rates between 200
and 700 Kbps up to a maximum
range of 35 feet. 261

BMP The native bitmap graphic
file format of the Microsoft
Windows OS. 431
Boot disk
A floppy disk or CD
that contains the files needed for
the boot process. 226
Boot process
The sequence of
events that occurs within a computer
system between the time
the user starts the computer and
the time it is ready to process
commands. 188
Bootstrap program
A program
stored in ROM that loads and initializes
the operating system on
a computer. 192
Broadband
A term used to refer
to communications channels that
have high bandwidth. 251
Broadcast flag
A status flag
inserted into the data stream
of digital television to indicate
whether it can be copied. 467
Brute force attack
A method of
breaking encryption code by trying
all possible encryption keys.
37
Byte
An 8-bit unit of data that
represents a single character. 26
CAD software (computer-aided
design software)
A program
designed to draw 3-D graphics
for architecture and engineering
tasks. 124
Card reader
A device that can
be used to read and record data
on solid state storage devices,
such as flash memory cards. 84
CD (compact disc)
An optical
storage medium used to store
digital information. CD-ROMs are
read only. CD-Rs and CD-RWs
can be used to record data. 81
Cell
In spreadsheet terminology,
the intersection of a column and
a row. In cellular communications,
a limited geographical area
surrounding a cellular phone
tower. 136
Centralized processing
An
information system design in
which data is processed on a
centrally located computer, usually
a mainframe. 577
Ciphertext
An encrypted message.
285
Client
A computer or software
that requests information from
another computer or server. 18
Client-side
Scripts and other
activities that are executed by a
client’s browser, as opposed to
being executed by the server.
372
Cloud computing
A type of
computing in which local devices
access applications that run on
an Internet-based server, where
data can also be stored. 9
Code
In the context of computer
programming, code can be used
as a noun to refer to the set of
instructions that form a program,
or as a verb that refers to the
process of writing a program.
674
Codec
Short for compressor/
decompressor; a hardware or
software routine that compresses
and decompresses digital graphics,
sound, and video files. 457
Command-line interface
A style
of user interface that requires
users to type commands, rather
than use a mouse to manipulate
on-screen controls. 190
Commercial software
Copyrighted computer applications
sold to consumers for profit.
159
Communications channel
Any
pathway between the sender and
receiver; channel may refer to a
physical medium or a frequency.
251
Communications port
In the
context of computer networking,
a virtual location for data
that arrives or leaves the device;
common ports include 21 for
FTP, 110 for e-mail, and 80 for
Web data. 340
Communications protocol
A set of rules that ensures the
orderly and accurate transmission
and reception of data. 252
Compiler
Software that translates
a program written in a
high-level language into low-level
instructions before the program
is executed. 30
Compression ratio
A ratio such
as 5:1 that indicates the ratio
of compression that has been
applied to a file. High compression
ratios such as 35:1 indicate
more compression so data can
be contained in smaller files. 457
Computer
A device that accepts
input, processes data, stores
data, and produces output
according to a stored program.
14
Computer network
A collection
of computers and related devices
connected in a way that allows
them to share data, hardware,
and software. 8
Computer program
A detailed
set of instructions that tells a
computer how to solve a problem
or carry out a task. 15
Computer programming
The
process of designing, coding,
and testing computer programs.
675
Computer virus
A program
designed to attach itself to a file,
reproduce, and spread from one
file to another, destroying data,
displaying an irritating message,
or otherwise disrupting computer
operations. 163
Computer worm
A software
program designed to enter a
computer system, usually a network,
through security “holes”
and then replicate itself. 163
Convergence
In the context of
technology, the melding of digital
devices into a single platform that
handles a diverse array of digital
content, such as cell phones that
also play digital music and display
digital video. 9
Copyright
A form of legal
protection that grants certain
exclusive rights to the author of
a program or the owner of the
copyright. 156
Copyright notice
A line such as
“Copyright 2014 by ACME CO”
that identifies a copyright holder.
156
CPU (central processing unit)
The main processing circuitry
within a computer or chip that
contains the ALU, control unit,
and registers. 15
Cropping
The process of selecting
and removing part of an
image. 436
Data
In the context of computing
and data management, data
refers to the symbols that a computer
uses to represent facts and
ideas. 15
Data center
A specialized facility
designed to house and protect
computer systems and data. 592
Data mining
Analyzing data
to discover patterns and relationships
that are important to
decision making. 612
Data processing
An inputprocessing-
output cycle that
converts data into information. 6
Data redundancy
Repetition of
data within a database. 637
Data representation
The use
of electronic signals, marks, or
binary digits to represent character,
numeric, visual, or audio
data. 22
Data type
The characteristics
of data that can be entered into
a field in a data file; data types
include character, numeric, date,
logical, and memo. 634
Data view
A mechanism typically
applied to databases in which
different forms or reports are
displayed depending on a query,
and can be customized for different
categories of users. 656
Data warehouse
A collection of
information organized for analysis.
612
Database
A collection of information
that might be stored in
more than one file or in more
than one record type. 139, 610
Database audit
A procedure that
monitors or records user activity
within a database, often for security
purposes. 655
Database index
A file of keys
and pointers used to display a list
of database records organized
according to the data in one or
more fields. 639
Database model
The underlying
structure or category of a
database, such as relational,
hierarchical, network, or object.
614
Database server software
Software that is designed to
manage a large number of
records and perform many simultaneous
transactions. 626
Database software
Software
designed for entering, finding,
organizing, updating, and
reporting information stored in a
database. 139
Database structure
The
arrangement of the fields, tables,
and relationships in a database.
633
Debugger
A programming utility
that helps programmers test and
correct a computer program. 685
Decision support system
(DSS) A computer system that
allows decision makers to manipulate
data directly, to incorporate
data from external sources, and
to create data models or “what-if”
scenarios. 562
Decryption
The process of converting
ciphertext into plaintext.
285
Defragmentation utility
A software
tool used to rearrange the
files on a disk so that they are
stored in contiguous clusters.
221
Design phase
The process a
project team uses for figuring out
how to implement a new system.
This phase is undertaken after
the analysis phase is complete.
576
Desktop
A term used to refer
to the main screen of a graphical
user interface that can hold
objects such as folders and widgets.
191
Desktop computer
A computer
that is small enough to fit on a
desk and built around a single
microprocessor chip. 58
Desktop operating system
An
operating system specifically
designed for use on personal
computers, such as Microsoft
Windows or Mac OS X. 188
Desktop publishing software
(DTP) Software used to create
high-quality output suitable for
commercial printing. DTP software
provides precise control
over layout. 127
Desktop video
Videos stored in
digital format on a PC’s hard disk
or CD. 452
Device driver
A type of system
software that provides the computer
with the means to control a
peripheral device. 131
Dialog box
An element of graphical
user interfaces that appears
in a window and requests
information, such as command
parameters, from a user. 193
Dictionary attack
A method of
discovering a password by trying
every word in an electronic dictionary.
36
Differential backup
A copy of all
the files that changed since the
last full backup of a disk. 228
has been digitized into files using
sampling techniques; sometimes
referred to as waveform audio.
422
Digital audio extraction
The
process of copying files from an
audio CD and converting them
into a format that can be stored
and accessed from a computer
storage device, such as a hard
disk; sometimes referred to as
ripping. 426
Digital camera
A camera that
takes and stores a digital image
instead of recording onto film.
432
Digital content
Media content
that is stored in digital format.
464
Digital data
Text, numbers,
graphics, or sound represented
by discrete digits, such as 1s and
0s. 22
Digital divide
A gap between
those who have access to digital
technologies and those who do
not. 13
Digital revolution
A set of significant
changes brought about
by computers and other digital
devices during the second half of
the 20th century. 4
Digital rights management
(DRM) A set of techniques
and technologies designed to
discourage and prevent unauthorized
duplication of digital
content. 466
Digital video
A series of still
frames stored sequentially in
digital format by assigning values
to each pixel in a frame. 452
Digital watermark
A digital
rights management technology
that inserts a hidden signal into
multimedia content as an identifying
marker that can be tracked
or verified. 467
Digitization
To convert nondigital
information or media to
a digital format through the use
of a scanner, sampler, or other
input device. 5
Digitizing tablet
A device that
provides a flat surface for a
paper-based drawing and a “pen”
used to create hand-drawn vector
drawings. 446
Direct conversion
The simultaneous
deactivation of an old
computer system and activation
of a new one. 586
Directory
In the context of computer
file management, a list of
files contained on a computer
storage device. 206
Disaster recovery plan
A stepby-
step plan that describes the
methods used to secure equipment
and data against disasters,
and how to recover from disasters.
594
Discovery mode
The status of a
Bluetooth device that is open for
pairing. 261
Disk image
A bit-by-bit copy of
the contents of a disk created for
backup, archiving, or duplication
of data. 229
Disk partition
An area of a hard
disk created by dividing a large
hard disk into several smaller
virtual ones, such as when using
two operating systems on a
single computer. 206
Distributed database
A database
that is stored on different
computers, on different networks,
or in different locations. 626
Distributed processing
An
information system design in
which data is processed on multiple
workstations or servers. 577
Domain name
Short for fully
qualified domain name; an
identifying name by which host
computers on the Internet are
familiarly known (for example,
nike.com). 307
Domain name server
A computer
that hosts the Domain Name
System database. 308
Domain Name System (DNS)
A large database of unique IP
addresses that correspond with
domain names. 308
DOS (Disk Operating System)
The operating system software
shipped with the first IBM PCs,
then used on millions of computers
until the introduction of
Microsoft Windows. 194
Dot matrix printer
A printer that
creates characters and graphics
by striking an inked ribbon with
small wires called pins, generating
a fine pattern of dots. 93
Download
The process of transferring
a copy of a file from a
remote computer to a local computer’s
storage device. 18
Downstream speed
The
rate at which transmitted data
flows from a host or server to
a local computer (contrast with
upstream speed). 310
Drawing software
Programs
that are used to create vector
graphics with lines, shapes, and
colors, such as logos or diagrams.
123, 446
Dual boot
A computer that contains
more than one operating
system and can boot into either
one. 198
Duplex printer
A printer that
prints on both sides of the paper
in a single pass. 94
DVD (digital video disc or digital
versatile disc)
An optical storage
medium similar in appearance
and technology to a CD but with
higher storage capacity. 81
DVD authoring software
Computer programs that offer
tools for creating DVD menus
and transferring digital video
onto DVDs that can be played in
a computer or standalone DVD
player. 122
DVI
(Digital Visual Interface) A
standard type of plug and connector
for computer display
devices. 96
Dynamic IP address
A temporarily
assigned IP address usually provided by an ISP. 306
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Random
access memory that requires a
power source to hold data; used
as main memory on most computers.
72
Dynamic Web publishing
A
way of displaying data from a
database as customized Web
pages, which are generated as
the page is sent to the browser.
628
EDI (Electronic Data
Interchange)
The ability to
transfer data between different
companies using networks that
enable companies to buy, sell,
and trade information. 569
EEPROM (electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory)
A type of non-volatile storage
typically used in personal computers
to store boot and BIOS
data. 74
Encryption
The process of
scrambling or hiding information
so that it cannot be understood
without the key necessary to
change it back into its original
form. 285
Enhanced media player
Handheld devices designed to
play music, but with enhanced
features, such as a browser and
apps. 65
Exception report
A report
generated by a management
information system, listing information
that is outside normal or
acceptable ranges, such as a
reorder report showing low-stock
inventory items. 561
Executable file
A file, usually
with an .exe extension, containing
instructions that tell a
computer how to perform a specific
task. 146
Field
The smallest meaningful
unit of information contained in a
data file. 139, 615
Field format
A specification for
the way that data is displayed on
the screen and printouts, usually
using a series of Xs to indicate
characters and 9s to indicate
numbers. 636
Field validation rule
A specification
that a database designer
sets up to filter the data entered
into a particular field. 636
Fifth-generation languages
Either declarative languages,
such as Prolog, or programming
languages that allow programmers
to use graphical or visual
tools to construct programs. 678
File
A named collection of data
(such as a computer program,
document, or graphic) that exists
on a storage medium, such as a
hard disk or CD. 15
File compression utility
A type
of data compression software
that shrinks one or more files
into a single file occupying less
storage space than the files did
separately. 442
File format
The method of organization
used to encode and
store data in a computer. Text
formats include DOCX and TXT.
Graphics formats include BMP,
TIFF, GIF, and PNG. 207
File header
Hidden information
inserted at the beginning of a file
to identify its properties, such as
the software that can open it. 207
File management utility
Software, such as Finder and
File Explorer, that help users
locate, rename, move, copy, and
delete files. 214
File server
A network computer
that is dedicated to storing and
distributing files to network clients.
278
File sharing
The process of
allowing access to document,
photo, video, and other files from
a computer other than the one on
which they are stored. 274
File specification
A combination
of the drive letter, subdirectory,
file name, and extension
that identifies a file (such as C:\
Pictures\Photo.jpg); also called a
path. 206
File system
A method that is
used by an operating system to
keep files organized. 219
File tag
In the context of
Windows, a piece of information
that describes a file. Tags,
such as Owner, Rating, and Date
Taken, can be added by users.
212
**set of rules, established by the
operating system, that must be
followed to create a valid file
name. 204
Firewall
Software or hardware
designed to analyze and control
incoming and outgoing packets
on a network; used to enhance
security by filtering out potential
intrusion attempts. 341
FireWire
A standard for fairly
high-speed ports, plugs, and
connectors typically used to connect
external storage devices,
and for transferring data from
cameras to computers. 96
First-generation languages
Machine languages that were
available for programming the
earliest computers. 677
First-party cookie
A cookie that
is generated by the Web page
that is shown in the browser. 401
Fixed Internet access
Any
Internet access service designed
to be used from a fixed, non-portable
location (i.e., dial-up, DSL,
and cable Internet service). 311
Flash
A file format developed by
Macromedia and marketed by
Adobe that has become popular
for animations on Web pages.
Flash cookie
A cookie-like
object that is created and used
by Adobe Flash Player; also
referred to as a local shared
object. 402
Flash video
A popular video
file format developed by Adobe
Systems and used for Webbased
video at sites such as
YouTube. 458
Flat file
A single file that is the
electronic version of a box of
index cards, in which all records
use the same record format. 614
Floppy disk
A removable magnetic
storage medium, typically
3.5" in size, with a capacity of
1.44 MB. 80
Folder
The subdirectories, or
subdivisions of a directory, that
can contain files or other folders.
206
Format shifting
The process of
converting media into a different
file format to use it on a device
other than the original one. 465
Formatting
The process of dividing
a disk into sectors so that it
can be used to store information.
219
Fourth-generation languages
Programming and query languages,
such as SQL and RPG,
that more closely resemble
human languages than did thirdgeneration
languages. 678
Fragmented files
Files stored in
scattered, noncontiguous clusters
on a disk. 221
Full system backup
A copy of
all the application, system, and
data files that exist on a computer’s
hard disk. 226
Game controllers
Devices
such as joysticks, wands, and
steering wheels; used to control
on-screen action in computer
games. 88
GIF
(Graphics Interchange
Format) A bitmap graphics
file format, popularized by
CompuServe, for use on the
Web. 431
Gigabyte (GB)
Approximately 1
billion bytes; exactly 1,024 megabytes
(1,073,741,824 bytes). 26
Gigahertz (GHz)
A measure of
frequency equivalent to 1 billion
cycles per second. 67
Globalization
A group of social,
economic, political, and technological
interdependencies linking
people and institutions from all
areas of the world. 12
Gradient
A smooth blending of
shades of different colors, from
light to dark. 447
Graphical user interface (GUI)
A type of user interface that features
on-screen objects, such as
menus and icons, manipulated
by a mouse. 190
Graphics processing unit
(GPU)
A microprocessor dedicated
to rendering and displaying
graphics on personal computers,
workstations, and videogame
consoles. 91
Graphics software
Computer
programs for creating, editing,
and manipulating images; types
include paint software and drawing
software. 123
Handshaking
A process where
a protocol helps two network
devices communicate. 252
Hard disk drive
A computer
storage device that contains a
large-capacity rigid storage surface
sealed inside a drive case.
Typically used as the primary
storage device in desktop and
laptop computers. 78
Hard disk platter
The component
of a hard disk drive on
which data is stored. It is a flat,
rigid disk made of aluminum or
glass and coated with a magnetic
oxide. 78
HDMI
(High-Definition
Multimedia Interface) A standard
type of plug and connector for
computer display devices. 96
High-level language
A programming
language that allows a
programmer to write instructions
using human-like language. 676
Horizontal market software
Any computer program that can
be used by many different kinds
of businesses (for example, an
accounting program). 126
HTML
(Hypertext Markup
Language) A standardized format
used to specify the layout for
Web pages. 362
HTML document
A plain text or
ASCII document with embedded
HTML tags that dictate formatting
and are interpreted by a browser.
362
HTML tags
A set of instructions,
such as <B>, inserted into an
HTML document to provide formatting
and display information
to a Web browser. 362
HTML5
The version of HTML
that was in the final stages of the
approval process as of 2012. 362
HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) The communications
protocol used to transmit Web
pages. HTTP:// is an identifier
that appears at the beginning of
Web URLs (for example, http://
www.fooyong.com). 364
Hypertext
A way of organizing
a collection of documents by
assigning an address to each
and providing a way to link from
one address to another. 360
Hypertext link
Also referred to
simply as a link; an underlined
word or phrase on a Web page
that, when clicked, takes you to a
designated URL. 361
ICANN
(Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers)
A global organization that coordinates
the management of the
Internet’s domain name system,
IP addresses, and protocol
parameters. 309
IDE
(integrated development
environment) A set of programming
tools, typically including
editor, compiler, and debugger,
packaged into an application for
creating programs. 686
Identity theft
An illegal practice
in which a criminal obtains
enough information to masquerade
as someone. 36
Implementation phase
A set of
tasks performed with the supervision
of a system development
project team in which a new
information system is constructed.
583
Incremental backup
A backup
that contains files that changed
since the last backup. 228
Information engineering methodology
A method of developing
an information system that
focuses on data the information
system collects before finding
ways to process that data. 570
Information system
A computer
system that collects, stores, and
processes information, usually
within the context of an organization.
556
Infrared light
A transmission
technology that uses a frequency
range just below the visible light
spectrum to transport data. 259
Ink jet printer
A non-impact
printer that creates characters or
graphics by spraying liquid ink
onto paper or other media. 92
Input
As a noun, the information
that is conveyed to a computer.
As a verb, to enter data into a
computer. 15
Instruction cycle
The steps followed
by a computer to process
a single instruction: fetch, interpret,
execute, then increment the
instruction pointer. 32
Instruction set
The collection
of instructions that a CPU is
designed to process. 30
Integrated circuit (IC)
A thin
slice of silicon crystal containing
microscopic circuit elements
such as transistors, wires, capacitors,
and resistors; also called
chips and microchips. 27
Integration testing
The testing
of completed modules of an
application to ensure that they
operate together correctly. 584
Intellectual property
A legal
concept that refers to ownership
of intangible information, such as
ideas. 12
Internet
The worldwide communication
infrastructure that links
computer networks using the
TCP/IP protocol. 8
Internet backbone
The major
communications links that form
the core of the Internet. 303
Internet service provider (ISP)
A company that provides Internet
access to businesses, organizations,
and individuals. 303
Intrusion
In the context of computer
security, the unauthorized
access to a computer system.
339
iOS
The operating system used
for iPhones, iPods, and iPads.
200
IP (Internet Protocol)
One of
the main protocols of TCP/IP;
responsible for addressing packets
so that they can be routed
to their destinations; IPv4 offers
32-bit addresses whereas IPv6
offers 128-bit addresses. 305
Java
A platform-independent,
object-oriented, high-level programming
language based on
C++, typically used to produce
interactive Web applications. 679
JIT
(Just In Time) A manufacturing
system in which the parts
needed to construct a product
are received at the assembly site
only as needed. 569
JPEG
(Joint Photographic
Experts Group) A format that
uses lossy compression to store
bitmap images. JPEG (pronounced
“JAY-peg”) files have a
.jpg extension. 431
Kernel
The core module of an
operating system that typically
manages memory, processes,
tasks, and storage devices. 188
Keylogger
A program, sometimes
part of a Trojan horse, that
records a person’s keystrokes,
saves them, and then sends
them to a system administrator
or remote hacker. 37
Keyword stuffing
The practice
of including a huge variety of
keywords in the header of an
HTML document in the hopes
that a search engine will display
it even when the content of
the page is not relevant to the
search. 377
Kilobyte
(KB) Approximately
1,000 bytes; exactly 1,024 bytes.
26
LAN
(local area network) An
interconnected group of computers
and peripherals located
within a relatively limited area,
such as a building or campus.
247
Lands
Non-pitted surface areas
on a CD that represent digital
data. (See also pits.) 81
Laser printer
A printer that uses
laser-based technology, similar
to that used by photocopiers, to
produce text and graphics. 92
LCD
(liquid crystal display)
Technology used for flat panel
computer screens typically found
on laptop computers. 90
LED
(light-emitting diode) Either
a display technology that uses
LEDs to produce an image on
the screen, or one that uses
LEDs as backlighting. 90
Library
In the context of
Microsoft Windows, a superfolder
that contains pointers to various
folders and files; examples
include Documents, Pictures,
and Videos. 217
Link popularity
A metric used
by some search engines to rank
the sites that are relevant to a
query. 377
Linux
An operating system that
is a derivative of UNIX, available
as freeware, and widely used for
servers though it is also used on
personal computers and workstations.
202
Megapixel
1 million pixels;
expresses the resolution and
quality of an image; usually used
in reference to digital cameras.
434
Optical fiber cable
A highbandwidth
communications cable
PIECES framework
A concept
developed by James Wetherbe
to help identify problems in an
information system. Each letter
of PIECES stands for a
potential problem (Performance,
Information, Economics, Control,
Efficiency, and Service). 569
Presentation software
Software
that provides tools to combine
text, graphics, graphs, animation,
and sound into a series of electronic
“slides” that can be output
on a projector, or as overhead
transparencies, paper copies, or
35-millimeter slides. 142
Upstream speed
The rate at
which data is transmitted from
your home computer to the
Internet. 310
USB
(universal serial bus) A
high-speed bus commonly used
for connecting peripheral devices
to computers. 96
Web cache
A collection of Web
pages and associated graphics
that have been accessed and
are temporarily stored locally to
speed up subsequent access to
them. 365
Database client software
Software that allows any remote
computer or network workstation
to access data in a database.
626
Ethernet
A popular network
technology in which network
nodes are connected by coaxial
cable or twisted-pair wire. 257
Graphics card
A circuit board
inserted into a computer to
handle the display of text, graphics,
animation, and videos. Also
called a video card or graphics
board. 91
Hierarchical database
A database
model in which record types
are arranged as a hierarchy, or
tree, of child nodes that can have
only one parent node. 617
Image compression
Any technique
that is used to reduce the
size of a file that holds a graphic.
440
Linux
An operating system that
is a derivative of UNIX, available
as freeware, and widely used for
servers though it is also used on
personal computers and workstations.
202
Linux platform
A computer that
is running the Linux operating
system. 64
Local software
Computer applications
that are installed on and
run from a local device, usually a
computer hard drive. 7
Location-based software
Applications that are able to
access your current location
using, for example, a smartphone’s
GPS or nearby LAN
signals. 125
Logic error
A run-time error in
the logic or design of a computer
program. 685
Logical storage models
Any
visual or conceptual aid that
helps a computer user visualize
a file storage system. Also called
a storage metaphor. 215
Lookup routine
A validation
process used by database
designers to prevent data entry
errors by searching for an entry
such as a state abbreviation in a
file or database table. 637
Lossless compression
A compression
technique that is able
to reconstitute all of the data in
the original file; hence lossless
means that this compression
technique does not lose data.
440
Lossy compression
Any data
compression technique in which
some of the data is sacrificed to
obtain more compression. 440
Low-level language
A programming
language that requires a
programmer to write instructions
for specific hardware elements
such as the computer processor,
registers, and RAM locations.
676
Mac OS
The operating system
software designed for use on
Apple Macintosh computers. 197
Mac platform
A family or category
of Macintosh-compatible
personal computers designed
and manufactured by Apple
Computer. 64
Machine code
Program instructions
written in binary code
that the computer can execute
directly. 30
Machine language
A low-level
language written in binary code
that the computer can execute
directly. 30
Magnetic storage
A technology
for recording data onto disks or
tape by magnetizing particles of
an oxide-based surface coating.
78
Mainframe computer
A large,
fast, and expensive computer
generally used by businesses or
government agencies to provide
centralized storage, processing,
and management for large
amounts of data. 18
Maintenance phase The day-today
operation of an information
n
system, including making modifications
and correcting problems
to insure correct operation. 587
Malicious software Any
program or set of program
m
instructions, such as a virus,
worm, or Trojan horse, designed
to surreptitiously enter a computer
and disrupt its normal
operations. 162
Malware Programs such as
viruses, w
orms, and bots
designed to disrupt computer
operations. 162
MAN (metropolitan area network)
A publ
ic, high-speed network
that can transmit voice and data
within a range of 50 miles. 247
Management information system
(MIS) A type of information
system that manipulates the
data collected by a transaction
processing system to generate
reports that managers can use to
make business decisions. 561
Managers People who make
decisions ab
out how an organization
carries out its activities.
557
Mapping application
An application
that displays satellite,
aerial, or street maps that can
be used to locate places and get
directions. 125
Markup language
A language
that provides text and graphics
formatting through the use of
tags. Examples of markup languages
include HTML, XML, and
SGML. 362
Mass-mailing worm
A worm
that sends itself to every e-mail
address in the address book of
an infected computer. 163
Mathematical modeling software
Software for visualizing and
solving a wide range of math,
science, and engineering problems.
126
Media content
A term popularized
in the context of multimedia
that refers to music, movies, television
shows, and books. 464
Megabyte (MB)
Approximately 1
million bytes; exactly 1,048,576
bytes. 26
Megahertz (MHz)
A measure of
frequency equivalent to 1 million
cycles per second. 68
Memory
The computer circuitry
that holds data waiting to be processed.
15
Memory card
A small, flat, solid
state storage medium, frequently
used to store data on cameras
and handheld devices. 84
Meta keyword
A word that is
included in the header of an
HTML document in order to
describe the document’s contents.
377
Metafile
In the context of graphics,
a file that contains both
vector and bitmap data. 447
Microprocessor
An integrated
circuit that contains the circuitry
for processing data. It is a
single-chip version of the central
processing unit (CPU) found in
all computers. 15
Microprocessor clock
A timing
signal that sets the pace for
executing instructions in a microprocessor.
67
Microsoft Windows
An operating
system, developed by
Microsoft Corporation, that
provides a graphical interface.
Versions include Windows 3.1,
95, 98, Me, NT, 2000, XP, Vista,
7, and 8. 194
Microwaves
Electromagnetic
waves with a frequency of at
least 1 gigahertz; one type of
channel for transmitting data
over communications networks.
259
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital
Interface)
A standardized way
in which sound and music
are encoded and transmitted
between digital devices that play
music. 427
Mission
An organization’s goal
or plan, which is reflected by the
organization’s activities. 557
Mission statement
The written
expression of an organization’s
goals and how those goals will
be accomplished. 557
Mobile app
An application
designed to be downloaded to
a handheld device, such as a
smartphone or tablet computer.
145
Mobile broadband
Highbandwidth
wireless technology
that was developed for sending
digital data over cell phone systems.
326
Mobile Internet access
Any
service that allows subscribers to
access the Internet while on the
go. 311
Modem
A device that modulates
and demodulates a signal; typically
used to send data from a
computer to the Internet over
telephone, cable television, or
satellite networks. 304
Module
A component or part of
a software program or an office
suite (e.g., a word processing
module). 132
Money management software
Software used to track monetary
transactions and investments.
128
Monochrome bitmap
A bitmap
image that contains only the colors
black and white. 437
Mouse
An input device that
allows the user to manipulate
objects on the screen by clicking,
dragging, and dropping. 88
MOV
A multimedia file format,
popular for digital videos, that
works with QuickTime software.
458
MP3
A file format that provides
highly compressed audio files
with very little loss of sound quality.
425
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts
Group)
A family of highly compressed
container file formats
and codecs for digital multimedia;
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, and
MPEG-4. 458
Multi-core processor
A microprocessor
that contains circuitry
for more than one processing
unit. 68
Multiprocessing
The ability of a
computer or an operating system
to support dual-core processors
or multiple processors. 186
Multitasking
The ability of a
computer, a processor, or an
operating system to run more
than one program, job, or task at
the same time. 186
Multithreading
A technology
that allows multiple parts or
threads from a program to run
simultaneously. 186
Music software
A broad category
of software that can be
used to play, record, compose,
or manipulate sound files. 121
Narrowband
A term that refers
to communications channels that
have low bandwidth. 251
Native file forma
t A file format
that is unique to a program or
group of programs and has a
unique file extension. 209
Natural language query
A
query formulated in human
language as opposed to an artificially
constructed language such
as machine language. 141
Network address translation
(NAT) A security technique that
allows a LAN to use one type of
IP address for intra-network data
and another type of address for
data traveling to and from the
Internet. 343
Network attached storage
(NAS) Storage devices that are
designed to be attached directly
to a network, rather than to a
workstation or server. 248
Network database
A collection
of physically linked records in
a one-to-many relationship in
which a member (child) can have
more than one owner (parent).
617
Network device
Any device,
such as a gateway, hub, or
router, that is used to broadcast
network data, boost signals, or
route data to its destination. 250
Network discovery
A setting
that when turned on allows a
computer to see other computers
on a network and to be seen by
those other computers. 275
Network interface card
Circuitry, often on an expansion
card mounted inside a computer,
that transmits and receives data
on a local area network. Also
called a NIC, network card, or
network adapter. 250
Network service providers
(NSPs) Companies that maintain
a series of nationwide Internet
links. 303
Networked peripheral
A peripheral
device that contains circuitry
that allows it to be directly connected
to a network, rather than
connecting to a computer that
transfers data to a network. 250
Node
In a network, a connection
point; in a hierarchical database,
a segment or record type. 250
Nonprofit organization
Organizations with political,
social, or charitable goals that
are not intended to generate a
profit. 556
Normalization
The process of
analyzing data to create the most
efficient database structure. 637
Numeric data
Numbers that
represent quantities and can be
used in arithmetic operations. 23
Object
In an object database or
OO programming language, a
discrete piece of code describing
a person, place, thing, event, or
type of information. 702
Object code
The low-level
instructions that result from compiling
source code. 30
Object-oriented methodology
An approach to system development
that regards the elements
of a system as a collection of
objects that interact with each
other to accomplish tasks. 570
Office suite
A collection of
productivity programs, typically
word processing, spreadsheet,
presentation, and database modules.
132
Online backup services
Space
for backup data provided through
a Web site. 223
Open source
An approach
to developing and licensing
software in which source code
remains public so it can be
improved and freely distributed.
12
Operating system
The software
that controls the computer’s use
of its hardware resources, such
as memory and disk storage
space. Also called an OS. 16
Operational planning
The
scheduling and monitoring of
workers and processes. 558
Optical storage
A technology
that records data as light and
dark spots on a CD, DVD, or
other optical media. 81
Organization
A group of people
working together to accomplish a
goal. 556
Organizational chart
A diagram
showing the hierarchy of workers
in an organization. 557
Output
The results produced by
a computer (for example, reports,
graphs, and music). 15
Packet
A small unit of data transmitted
over a network. 253
Paint software
Software that
creates and manipulates bitmap
graphics. 123, 430
Pairing
The process of establishing
a link between two Bluetooth
devices, usually through the
exchange of passkeys. 261
PAN (personal area network)
An
interconnected group of personal
digital devices located within a
range of about 30 feet. 247
Parallel conversion
A type of
system conversion in which the
old computer system remains in
service while some or all of the
new system is activated. 586
Payroll software
Horizontal
market business software used
to track employee hours, calculate
pay, and print pay checks.
126
PC platform
A family of personal
computers that use Windows
software and contain Intelcompatible
microprocessors. 64
PDF (Portable Document
Format)
A standard format for
exchanging files that can be
viewed using Adobe Reader software.
129
Peripheral device
A component
or equipment, such as a printer,
that expands a computer’s input,
output, or storage capabilities. 56
Personal computer
A microcomputer
designed for use by an
individual user for applications
such as Web browsing and word
processing. 17
Personal computing
A type of
computing characterized by the
use of standalone computers
designed for single users. 7
Personal finance software
Software geared toward individual
finances that helps track
bank account balances, credit
card payments, investments, and
bills. 128
Pharming
An exploit that redirects
users to fake Web sites.
406
Phased conversion
A type of
information system conversion
in which one module of a new
information system is activated at
a time. 586
Phishing
An e-mail based scam
that’s designed to fool users into
revealing confidential information.
37, 405
Photo editing software The
software used to edit, enhan
ce,
retouch, and manipulate digital
photographs. 123
Physical storage model A
representation of data as it is
physically stored. 218
Pilot conversion A type of
system conversion in
which a
new information system is first
activated at one branch of a
multi-branch company. 586
Pirated software Software that
is copied, sold, or dis
tributed
without permission from the
copyright holder. 156
Pits Spots on a CD that are
“burn
ed” onto an optical storage
medium to represent digital data.
81
Pixelated Describes the effect
of increasing
the size and thus
decreasing the quality of an
image. 436
Pixels Short for picture elements;
the sma
llest unit in a
graphic image. Computer display
devices use a matrix of pixels to
display text and graphics. 90
Place shifting The practice of
accessing media
from a remote
location, such as over a network.
465
Plaintext An original, unencrypted
message. 2
85
Planning phase The first phase
of an information sy
stem development
project with the goal of
creating a Project Development
Plan. 567
Plug-in
A software module that
adds a specific feature to a system.
In the context of browsers, a
plug-in adds the ability to display
or play various additional file formats.
367
PNG (Portable Network
Graphics)
A type of graphics file
format similar to but newer than
GIF or JPEG. 431
Pointing device
An input device,
such as a mouse, trackball,
pointing stick, or trackpad, that
allows users to manipulate an
on-screen pointer and other
screen-based graphical controls.
88
Port probe
An exploit used by
hackers to locate computer ports
that can be used for surreptitious
access; also called a port scan.
340
Portable computer
Any type of
computer, such as a laptop computer,
that runs on batteries and
is designed to be carried from
one location to another; also
called a mobile computer. 59
Portable Internet access
Any
type of Internet service, such as
portable satellite, that can be
moved from one place to another.
311
Portable software
Software
designed to be stored on a flash
drive or CD, and that does not
require installation before it is
used. 151
Primary key
A field in a database
that contains data, such as
a Social Security number, that is
unique to a record. 634
IP address
An IP
address that cannot be routed
over the Internet. 343
Procedure handbook
Step-bystep
instructions for performing a
specific job or task. 585
Product activation
The process
of becoming a registered user of
a software product; the process
might include entering a validation
code to unlock the software.
161
Productivity software
Software
that helps people work more
efficiently; traditionally word
processing, spreadsheet, presentation,
e-mail, and database
software. 132
Program editor
A programming
tool, similar to a word processor,
that provides specialized
editing and formatting features
Programming language
A set
of keywords and grammar (syntax)
that allows a programmer to
write instructions that a computer
can execute. 29, 676
Project management software
Software specifically designed as
a tool for planning, scheduling,
and tracking projects and their
costs. 126, 571
Protocol suite
A group of protocols,
such as TCP and IP, that
work together. 305
Public folder
A predefined folder
designed to hold files that can be
shared over a network. 276
RAM (random access memory)
Computer memory circuitry that
holds data, program instructions,
and the operating system while
the computer is on. 72
Rasterization
The process of
superimposing a grid over a vector
image and determining the
color depth for each pixel. 447
Ray tracing
A technique by
which light and shadows are
added to a 3-D image. 449
Read-only technology
Storage
media that can only be read
from, but not recorded on. 82
Record In the context of database
Manage
ment, a record is
the fields of data that pertain to a
single entity in a database. 139,
615
Record occurrence
A record
that has been filled with data for
a particular entity. 615
Record type
The structure of
a record, including the names,
length, and data types for each
field. 615
Recordable technology
The
devices and standards that allow
computers to write data permanently
on CDs and DVDs, but do
not allow that data to be changed
once it has been recorded. 82
Recovery disk
A CD that contains
all the operating system
files and application software
files necessary to restore a computer
to its original state. 226
Recovery partition
A section of
a hard disk that contains the files
necessary to restore a computer’s
hard disk contents to factory
condition. 227
Relationship
In the context
of databases, an association
between entities that can be
used to link records in more than
one file. 616
Remarks
Explanatory comments
inserted into lines of code in a
computer program. 686
Rendering
In graphics software,
the process of creating a
3-D solid image by covering a
wireframe drawing and applying
computer-generated highlights
and shadows. 449
Report generator
The component
of a data management
environment that provides a user
with the ability to design reports.
642
Report template
A predesigned
pattern that provides the outline
or general specifications for a
report. 642
Request for proposal (RFP)
A document sent by an organization
to vendors to solicit
proposals; it specifies the problem
that needs to be solved and
the requirements that must be
met. 580
Request for quotation (RFQ)
A document sent by an organization
to vendors requesting a
formal price quotation on a list of
hardware and/or software. 580
Reserved words
Special words
used as commands in some
operating systems that may not
be used in file names. 205
Resolution dependent
Graphics, such as bitmaps, in
which the quality of the image is
dependent on the number of pixels
constituting the image. 436
Restore
The process of copying
files from a backup back to a
computer’s hard disk. 222
Restore point
Data stored about
the state of files and the operating
system at a given point in
time, then used to roll back the
computer system to that state.
227
Rewritable technology
The
devices and standards that allow
users to write data on a storage
medium and then change that
data. 82
RF signals (radio frequency signals)
Data that is broadcast and
received via radio waves with a
transceiver. 259
ROM (read-only memory)
Refers
to one or more integrated circuits
that contain permanent instructions
that the computer uses
during the boot process. 74
Root directory
The main directory
of a disk. 206
Routable IP address
A network
address that can be routed over
the Internet; contrast to private IP
address. 343
Router
A device used to make
wired or wireless connections
and route data to its destination
on a network. 250
Runtime error
An error that
occurs when a computer program
is run. 685
Sampling rate
The number of
times per second a sound is
measured during the recording
process. 423
Scanner
A device that converts
a printed image into a bitmap
graphic. 432
Scheduled reports
Reports
such as monthly sales summaries
that follow a fixed format and
are produced according to a preset
timetable. 561
Screen resolution
The density
of the grid used to display text
or graphics on a display device;
the greater the horizontal and
vertical density, the higher the
resolution. 91
SDK (software development kit)
A collection of language-specific
programming tools. 686
Second-generation languages
Assembly languages that followed
machine languages. 677
Security software
Any software
package that is designed to protect
computers from destructive
software and unauthorized intrusions.
162
Security suite
A software suite
containing modules to protect
computers against viruses,
worms, intrusions, spyware, and
other threats. 166
Semi-structured problem
A
problem for which a general
procedure has been established,
but that requires some degree of
discretionary judgment to arrive
at a solution. 558
Server
A computer or software
on a network that supplies the
network with data and storage.
18
Server-side
Scripts and other
activities that are executed by a
Web server in response to client
data. 372
Server-side program
A program
or scripting statement that
resides on a Web server and
acts as an intermediary between
a user’s browser and a DBMS.
628
Service pack
A collection of
patches designed to correct bugs
and/or add features to an existing
software program. 152
Setup program
A program
module supplied with a software
package for the purpose of
installing the software. 148
Shared resources
Hardware,
software, and data that is available
over a network to authorized
users. 248
Smartphone
A cellular phone
that has a high-resolution color
screen, a browser, and the ability
to run apps. 65
Sniffing
In the context of computer
hacking, a technique that
uses packet sniffer software to
capture packets as they are sent
over a network. 37

Social media Online Web sites
and services, such as Facebook,
Twitter, and LinkedIn, that help
users create content and share it
with others. 10
Software
The instructions that
direct a computer to perform a
task, interact with a user, or process
data. 15
Software customization
The
process of modifying a commercially
available software
application to meet the needs of
a specific user or organization.
584
Software installation
The process
by which programs and
data are copied to the hard disk
of a computer system and otherwise
prepared for access and
use. 143
Software license
A legal contract
that defines the ways in
which a user may use a computer
program. 157
Software update
A section
of code or a program module
designed to correct errors or
enhance security on an already
installed software product. 152
Software upgrade
A new version
of a software product
containing new features and
designed to replace the entire
earlier version of the product.
152
Solid state drive
A data storage
device that utilizes erasable,
rewritable circuitry. 85
Solid state storage
A technology
that records data and stores
it in a microscopic grid of cells
on a non-volatile, erasable, lowpower
chip. 84
Sort key
A field used to arrange
records in order. 639
Sort order
In a database table,
the order in which records are
stored on disk. 639
Source code
Computer instructions
written in a high-level
language. 29
Spam
Unsolicited e-mail typically
sent as a bulk or mass-mailing
and often used for fraudulent or
deceptive marketing. 404
Speech recognition
The
process by which computers recognize
voice patterns and words,
and then convert them to digital
data. 428
Speech synthesis
The process
by which computers produce
sound that resembles spoken
words. 428
Spreadsheet
A numerical model
or representation of a real situation,
presented in the form of a
table. 136
Spreadsheet software
Software
for creating electronic worksheets
that hold data in cells and
perform calculations based on
that data. 136
Spyware
Any software that
covertly gathers user information
without the user’s knowledge,
usually for advertising purposes.
164
SSID (service set identifier)
A
code that identifies a network
containing wireless connections
and is attached to every packet
that travels on that network. 268
Static IP address
A permanently
assigned and unique IP address,
used by hosts or servers. 306
Static Web publishing
A simple
way to display the data in a database
by converting a database
report into an HTML document.
627
Statistical software
Software
for analyzing large sets of data
to discover patterns and relationships
within them. 126
Storage
The area in a computer
where data is retained on a permanent
basis. 15
Storage device
A mechanical
apparatus that records data to
and retrieves data from a storage
medium. 76
Storage medium
The physical
material, such as a hard disk or
CD, on which data is stored. 76
Strategic planning
The process
of developing long-range goals
and plans for an organization.
557
Streaming audio
An audio file
format that allows the audio clip
to begin before the file is entirely
downloaded. 426
Streaming video
An Internet
video technology that sends a
small segment of a video file to
a user’s computer and begins to
play it while the next segment is
being sent. 459
Strong encryption
Encryption
that is difficult to decrypt or
“break” without the encryption
key. 285
Structured file
A file that consists
of a collection of data
organized as a set of similarly
structured records. 614
Structured methodology
A
method of developing an information
system that focuses on
the processes that take place
within the information system.
570
Structured problem
A problem
for which there exists a
well-established procedure for
obtaining the best solution. 558
Subdirectory
A directory found
under the root directory. 206
Success factors
System
requirements that also serve as
an evaluation checklist at the end
of a development project. 571

Summary report A report
generated by a management
information system that combines
or groups data and usually
provides totals, such as a report
of total annual sales for the past
five years. 561

Supercomputer The fastest and
most expensive type of computer,
capable of processing trillions
of instructions per second. 19

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
A graphics format designed
specifically for Web display that
automatically resizes when displayed
on different screens. 448

Synchronization The process
of updating files so they are the
same on two devices; can be
used for backup or to update
addresses, etc. 225
Syntax error
An error that
results when an instruction does
not follow the syntax rules, or
grammar, of the programming
language. 685
Synthesized sound
Artificially
created sound, usually found
in MIDI music or synthesized
speech. 427
System board
The main circuit
board in a computer that houses
chips and other electronic components.
28
System conversion
The process
of deactivating an old
information system and activating
a new one. 586
System development life cycle
(SDLC) The series of phases
that outlines the development
process of an information system.
566
System documentation
Descriptions of the features,
hardware architecture, and
programming of an information
system written for programmers,
designers, and analysts who
maintain the system. 585
System requirements
(1)
The minimum hardware and
operating system specifications
required for a software
application to operate correctly.
(2) Criteria for developing a
successful information system,
which are typically compiled into
a System Requirements Report
at the conclusion of the analysis
phase of the SDLC. 155, 571
System Requirements Report
A report generated at the conclusion
of the analysis phase of the
SDLC by a project team that has
studied a system and determined
System software
Computer
programs, such as an operating
system or utility software,
that help the computer carry out
essential operating tasks. 16
System testing
The process of
testing an information system to
ensure that all of the hardware
and software components work
together. 584
System unit
The case or box
that contains the computer’s
power supply, storage devices,
main circuit board, processor,
and memory. 57
System utilities
Utility software
that diagnoses and repairs disk
errors, corrupted files, and other
software or hardware problems.
130
Systems analysis and design
The process of planning and
building an information system.
566
Tablet computer
A small,
portable computer with a touchsensitive
screen that can be
used as a writing or drawing pad.
65
Tactical planning
Short- or
near-term decisions and goals
that deploy the human, financial,
and natural resources necessary
to meet strategic goals. 558
Tax preparation software
Software used to help individuals
or businesses calculate annual
state and federal taxes. 128
TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol)
The protocol within
TCP/IP that is responsible for
establishing a data connection
between two hosts and breaking
data into packets. 305
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
The primary protocol suite for
transmitting messages over the
Internet. 305
Test area
A portion of a computer
system where software testing
can occur without disrupting an
organization’s regular information
system. 584
Text-to-speech software
Software that generates speech
based on written text that is
played back through a computer’s
sound card. 428
Third-generation languages
Programming languages, such
as FORTRAN, BASIC, and
COBOL, that followed assembly
languages and provided Englishlike
keywords. 677
Third-party cookie
A cookie that
is generated by an ad or an entity
other than the Web page that is
shown in the browser. 401
Time shifting
The practice of
recording digital content for later
playback. 465
Top-level domain
A major
domain category into which
groups of computers on the
Internet are divided, such as
com, edu, gov, int, mil, net, and
org. 307
Touchscreen
A display device
that accepts input from being
touched with a stylus or fingertip.
89
Tracing software
Software that
locates the edges of objects in
a bitmap graphic and converts
the resulting shape into a vector
graphic. 447
Trackpad
A touch-sensitive
surface on which you slide your
fingers to move the on-screen
pointer. 89
Transaction
An exchange
between two parties that can be
recorded and stored in a computer
system. 559
Transaction processing system
(TPS) A system that keeps
track of transactions for an
organization by providing ways
to collect, display, modify, and
cancel transactions. 559
Trojan horse
A computer program
that appears to perform
one function while actually doing
something else, such as inserting
a virus into a computer system or
stealing a password. 163
True Color bitmap
A color
image with a color depth of 24
bits or 32 bits. Each pixel in a
True Color image can be displayed
using any of 16.7 million
different colors. 439
Turnkey system
A complete
information system that consists
of both hardware and commercial
software. 578
Unit testing
The process of
testing a completed application
module to make sure that it operates
reliably and correctly. 584
UNIX
A multiuser, multitasking
server operating system developed
by AT&T Bell Laboratories
in 1969. 202
Unstructured file
A file that
contains data, but that is not in
a structured format of fields and
records. 614
Unstructured problem
A
problem for which there is no
established procedure for arriving
at a solution. 558
Unzipped
Refers to files that
have been uncompressed. 150
Upload
The process of transferring
a file from a local computer
to a remote computer over a LAN
or the Internet. 18
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The address of a Web page. 361
USB flash drive
A portable solid
state storage device nicknamed
“pen drive” or “keychain drive”
that plugs directly into a computer’s
USB port. 85
User documentation
Descriptions of how to interact
with an information system or a
program, including instructions
on use, features, and troubleshooting.
585
User ID
A combination of letters
and numbers that serves as a
user’s “call sign” or identification.
Also referred to as a user name.
34
User interface
The software and
hardware that enable people to
interact with computers. 190
User privileges
A set of
assigned rights that specify what
data is accessible to a particular
user on a network or on a database.
655
Utility software
A type of system
software provided by the operating
system vendor or third-party
vendors that specializes in tasks
such as system maintenance,
security, or file management. 129
VDE (visual development environment)
Programming tools
that allow programmers to build
substantial parts of computer
programs by pointing and clicking,
rather than entering code.
683
Vector graphic
An image generated
from descriptions that
specify the position, length,
and direction in which lines and
shapes are drawn. 444
Vertical market software
Computer programs designed to
meet the needs of a specific market
segment or industry, such as
medical record-keeping software
for use in hospitals. 126
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
A
screen resolution of 640 x 480.
96
Video capture
The process of
converting analog video signals
into digital data stored on a hard
drive. 455
Video editing software
Software that provides tools for
capturing and editing video from
a camcorder. 122
Videogame console
A computer
specifically designed for playing
games using a television screen
and game controllers. 17
Virtual keyboard
A keyboard
that is displayed on a touchscreen
and used for input on
smartphones and tablet computers.
89
Virtual machine
Software that
creates an operating environment
that emulates another
computer platform; as an example,
Parallels Desktop creates a
virtual PC on an Intel Macintosh
computer. 198
Virtual memory
A computer’s
use of hard disk storage to simulate
RAM. 73
Virtual private network (VPN)
A network connection that typically
carries encrypted data over
the Internet to and from a remote
access server. 345
Virus hoax
A message, usually
e-mail, that makes claims about
a virus problem that doesn’t actually
exist. 166
Volatile
A term that describes
data (usually in RAM) that can
exist only with a constant supply
of power. 72
WAN (wide area network)
An
interconnected group of computers
and peripherals that covers a
large geographical area, such as
multiple branches of a corporation.
247
WAP (Wireless Access Protocol)
A communications protocol that
provides Internet access for
handheld devices. 325
WAV
An audio file format with
a .wav extension that was
Windows’ original “native” sound
format. 425
Weak encryption
Encryption
that is relatively easy or simple
to decrypt without the encryption
key. 285
Web
Short for World Wide Web;
an Internet service that links
documents and information from
computers located worldwide,
using the HTTP protocol. 8
Web 2.0
A group of new and
innovative ways to use the Web,
such as for social networking,
blogging, and wikis. 361
Web 3.0
A group of technologies
including cloud computing that
extend the ways in which the
Internet and Web can be used.
361
Web application
Application
software that is accessed and
used from within a browser. 143
Web browser
A program that
communicates with a Web server
and displays Web pages. 361
Web bug
A small graphic on a
Web page that installs cookies
designed to track your online
activities. Also known as a clear
GIF or pixel tag. 403
Web crawler
The component
of a search engine that autonomously
visits Web sites collecting
Web page data that will be
indexed and available for searching.
375
Web page
Information displayed
by a Web browser that’s produced
from an HTML document
or generated on the fly from data
in a database. 361
Web search engine
A program
that uses keywords to find
information on the Internet and
returns a list of links to relevant
documents. 374
Web server
A computer that
listens for queries from Web
browsers and transmits HTML
documents over the Internet. 361
Web site
A Web address that
holds a collection of information
identified by a common domain
name, such as www.cnn.com.
361
Webcam
An inexpensive digital
camera that attaches directly to a
computer and creates a video by
capturing a series of still images.
454
What-if analysis
The process of
setting up a model in a spreadsheet
and experimenting to see
what happens when different values
are entered. 136
Wi-Fi
An Ethernet-compatible
wireless connection that uses
802.11a, b, g, and n standards.
262
Wi-Fi hotspot
The geographical
area in which you can connect to
a Wi-Fi signal, such as a Wi-Fi
equipped campus or coffeehouse.
322
Windows Registry
A group of
files on Windows computers that
is used by the operating system
to store configuration information
about hardware and software.
227
Wireframe
A representation of a
3-D object using separate lines,
which resemble wire, to create a
model. 449
Wireless encryption
A security
measure for networks containing
wireless connections that scrambles
data transmitted between
network devices. 269
Wireless encryption key
The basis for scrambling and
unscrambling the data that travels
over a wireless connection;
sometimes called a network
security key. 270
WMA (Windows Media Audio)
A
file format with a .wma extension
that is promoted by Microsoft
and provides highly compressed
audio files with very little loss of
sound quality. 425
Word processing software
Computer programs that assist
the user in producing documents,
such as reports, letters, papers,
and manuscripts. 133
Workers
People who perform
the tasks necessary to carry out
an organization’s mission. 557
Worksheet
A computerized, or
electronic, spreadsheet. 136
Workstation
(1) A computer
connected to a local area network.
(2) A powerful desktop
computer designed for specific
tasks. 17
XHTML
A markup language very
similar to HTML, but more customizable.
362
XML (eXtensible Markup
Language)
A document format
similar to HTML, but that allows
the Web page developer to
define customized tags, generally
for the purpose of creating
more interactivity. 630
Zipped
Refers to one or more
files that have been compressed.
150