Comps

Front 1

Start codon

Back 1

ATG (AUG)

Front 2

Stop codon

Back 2

T(U)AG, T(U)AA, T(U)GA

Front 3

Median length of human 3' UTR

Back 3

700bp

Front 4

A. pallida (sea anemone) glutamine synthetase gene 3' UTR lenth

Back 4

450 bp

Front 5

UTR

Back 5

Untranslated region - on outside of start/stop codons.

Front 6

K

Back 6

Keytone (T/G/U)

Front 7

M

Back 7

Amino (A/C)

Front 8

W

Back 8

Weak (A/T)

Front 9

S

Back 9

Strong (C/G)

Front 10

R

Back 10

Purine (A/G)

Front 11

Y

Back 11

Pyrimidine (T/C/U)

Front 12

Max RNA absorption

Back 12

260nm

Front 13

A260:A280 ratio

Back 13

Protein contamination (pure RNA=2.1; 1.8-2.0 acceptable)

Front 14

A260:A230 ratio

Back 14

Other contaminates. Should be above 1.5

Front 15

Upper ribosomal band (28 S)

Back 15

About 3.2 kb (and twice as intense)

Front 16

Lower ribosomal band (18 S)

Back 16

About 1. 5 kb (and about half as intense)

Front 17

Acropora digitizers genome

Back 17

420 Mbp

Front 18

Number of chromosomes in C. aspera (coral)

Back 18

14 chromosome pairs

Front 19

Protein coding loci in Acropora digitifera

Back 19

23,668

Front 20

How much of coral energy requirements provided by zooxanthellae?

Back 20

40-100%

Front 21

When did life arise on earth?

Back 21

3.8 bya

Front 22

When did multicellular life arise?

Back 22

2.1 bya

Front 23

When did eukaryotes arise?

Back 23

660 mya

Front 24

When did scleractinians diverge from nematostella?

Back 24

About 500 mya

Front 25

How old is the earliest scleractinian fossil?

Back 25

240 mya (mid Triassic)

Front 26

Ulva reproduction mode

Back 26

Sporic meiosis - isomorphic

Front 27

Halimeda, caulerpa reproduction mode

Back 27

Gametic meiosis - holocarpic

Front 28

Podium, avrainvillea reproduction mode

Back 28

Gametic meiosis - non holocarpic

Front 29

Gracilaria, coralline, hypnea, laurencia reproduction mode

Back 29

Triphasic sporic meiosis - isomorphic

Front 30

Asparagopsis reproduction mode

Back 30

Triphasic sporic meiosis - heteromorphic

Front 31

Sargassum reproduction mode

Back 31

Gametic meiosis - non holocarpic

Front 32

Which tissue layer do zooxanthellae live in?

Back 32

Gastrodermis (innermost)

Front 33

Coral full taxonomy

Back 33

Kingdom Anamalia, Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa, Order Scleractinia, Family (Acroporidae, pocilloporidae, poritidae)

Front 34

Which residues form disulfide bonds?

Back 34

Cysteine

Front 35

What does coomasie blue stain?

Back 35

Sulfonic acid groups in dye bind positive (basic) amino acids.

Front 36

What is the most important point for controlling which proteins are made and how much?

Back 36

First two steps of transcription: initiation and elongation

Front 37

Which polymerase catalyzes transcription of mRNA?

Back 37

RNA Polymerase 2

Front 38

What are three RNA Pol2 promoters?

Back 38

TATA boxes, initiator sequences, CpG islands

Front 39

TATA Box

Back 39

Conserved sequence 26-31bp, upstream of START on highly expressed genes

Front 40

Initiator sequences

Back 40

Immediately surrounding start site, not well conserved

Front 41

CpG islands

Back 41

Rare regions of high GC content, marking housekeeping genes

Front 42

Pre-mRNA processing

Back 42

5'capping, 3' cleavage and polyadenylation, splicing

Front 43

What does PMSF do?

Back 43

Inhibits serine, cysteine proteases (covalently binds the enzyme)

Front 44

Biuret reaction

Back 44

Reduction of Cu2+ to Cu1+ by protein in alkaline medium

Front 45

What absorbance is the BCA assay read at?

Back 45

562nm

Front 46

Which amino acids are responsible for the BCA assay reaction?

Back 46

Aromatic residues (cysteine, tryptophan, tyrosine)

Front 47

Paper: how much macroalgae is natural?

Back 47

John Bruno 2014

Front 48

In what ratio does SDS bind to protein?

Back 48

1.4:1

Front 49

Stacking gel

Back 49

pH 6.8, low acrylamide, 0.5M Tris-HCL

Front 50

Separating gel

Back 50

pH 8.8, high acrylamide, 1.5M tris-HCL

Front 51

Actin mol weight

Back 51

42 kDal

Front 52

PBSt

Back 52

Phosphate Buffered Saline with Tween

Front 53

Trypsin action

Back 53

Cleaves peptides on C-terminal side of lysine and arginine, unless followed by a proline

Front 54

Chymotrypsin action

Back 54

Hydrolysis of peptide bonds with tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

Front 55

Pepsin

Back 55

Cuts after aromatic acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine)

Front 56

Elastase

Back 56

Cleaves peptide bonds on carboxyl side of hydrophobic amino acids (alanine, glycine, valine)

Front 57

Mol weight per amino acid

Back 57

110 Da avg

Front 58

qPCR primer length

Back 58

18-24 (longer more specific, shorter quicker annealing)

Front 59

qPCR primer Tm

Back 59

56-62 *C (higher can cause secondary annealing)

Front 60

qPCR primer GC content

Back 60

30-60% (more GC = higher Tm, avoid GC clamps: 3-4 in a row)

Front 61

SYBR Green

Back 61

Intercalating dye -binds double stranded DNA. Directly proportional to amount of PCR product. Lots of background fluorescence.

Front 62

FRET Probe

Back 62

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer - dual labels probes. Emits signal only when annealed.

Front 63

PCR reaction

Back 63

Initialization, denaturation, annealing, elongation

Front 64

Denaturation

Back 64

94-96*C 15-30 sec

Front 65

Annealing

Back 65

Cool to 50-64*C 20-40 sec (higher temp allows only most specific annealing)

Front 66

Elongation

Back 66

Heat to 72-80*C, polymerase builds. Higher temp reduces non-specific interactions.

Front 67

Pfaffl method

Back 67

Standard curve method of qPCR calculation - incorporates primer efficiency

Front 68

qPCR primer efficiency

Back 68

90-110%

Front 69

When was the extensive coral radiation?

Back 69

Middle Triassic, 240mya

Front 70

C. Aspera chromosome paper

Back 70

Taguchi et al 2016

Front 71

Acroporidae 24-54 chromosomes

Back 71

Kenyon et al 1997

Front 72

Avg # proteins in coral

Back 72

21,654 sequences (bhattachaya et al 2016)