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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ways to identify research topics
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1. general knowledge of a topic
2. knowledge of previous research 3. previous research obstacles 4. suggestions for future research 5. new or fresh ideas |
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ways of knowing
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1. tenacity
2. authority 3. a priori method 4. scientific method 5. direct experience |
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Belmont report
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summarizes ethical principles and guidelines involving research with human subjects
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core principles of Belmont report
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1. respect for persons
2. beneficence 3. justice |
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application of Belmont report
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1. informed consent
2. assessment of risks and benefits 3. selection of subjects |
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Culturally competent counselor (Sue and Sue, 2008)
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1. Aware of assumptions, values, and biases (attitudes/values)
2. Understanding others worldview (knowledge) 3. Uses appropriate interventions (skill) competence in general - attitudes/values, knowledge, skill |
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Dimensions of personal identity (Arredonodo and Glauner, 1992)
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1. A (observable) - age, culture, gender, language
2. B (experiences) - education, geographic location, hobbie 3. C (eras) - historical moments |
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Acculturation strategies (Berry, 1997)
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Maintain my identity? Yes or No
Embrace yours? Yes or No 1. Integration (yes, yes) 2. Assimilation (no, yes) 3. Separation/Segregation (yes, no) 4. Marginalization (no, no) |
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Helms Statuses for AA (1995)
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1. Pre-encounter
2. Encounter - confusion about perceived lack of fit in white world 3. Immersion - allows individual to identify w/ their own racial group 4. Emersion - sense of solidarity with own race 5. Internalization - commitment to ones own culture 6. Integrative awareness - allows for integrative process without abandoning ones identity |
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Cross Model (1971)
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1. Pre-encounter (oblivious stage)
2. Encounter (experience of racism) 3. Immersion-emersion (intense black involvement/anti white/ attempts to destroy old self) 4. Internalization - commitment (black nationalist, multiculturalist) |
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Multicultural Assessments
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1. MEIM - Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure - assesses sense of belonging, identity achievement, ethnic practices
2. POCRIAS - People of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Cook, 1999) - mean scores determine strength of each racial identity domain 3. WRIAS - White racial identity attitude scale (Helms and Carter 1990) |
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Hardimen's Model of White Racial Identity Development (1982)
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1. Lack of social consciousness
2. Acceptance (of status quo) 3. Resistance 4. Redefinition 5. Internalization |
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Helm's White Identity Development Model (1990)
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1st Phase: contact, disintegration, and reintegration
2nd Phase: pseudoindependence, immersion/emersion, autonomy |
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Cultural Competence
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Cultural sensitivity, cultural knowledge, cultural empathy
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APA Code of Ethics (2005) on multicultural issues
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1. Diverse faculty
2. Diverse students 3. Infuse multicultural competency into teaching and supervision |
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Linguistic equivalence
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ultimate goal of multicultural research is to establish cross cultural validity
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Psychopharmacology
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1. Suicide happiness
2. Therapeutic effect 3. Noncompliance issues (sexual, weight gain, nausea) 4. Take it as prescribed 5. Don't recommend - not a MD 6. Work with MD to come off of medication |
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Role of supervisor to field
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Gatekeeper
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Isomorphism
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Supervisee mirrors role of client
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parallel processes
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supervisee has unconscious identification with client
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Person-centered supervision
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Rogers
1. Used electronically recorded interview and transcripts 2. Leans more towards therapy - goal is to grown in confidence levels and better understand self 3. Supervisor explores difficulty as a form of modified therapy 4. Facilitate through genuine, empathy 5. Supervisors must trust the trainee has the ability to grow in the work and self |
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Ronnestad and Skovhold
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1. lay helper (tend to become overly involved with boundary issues),
2. beginning student – dependent and anxious, value support and encouragement 3. advanced student – feel they need to do it right 4. notice professional – integrates own personality into treatment 5. experienced professional – experience, engages with clients, can learn from clients 6. senior professional – 20 plus years of experience, developed individualist approaches, skeptical of anything new added to the field Based on 100 interviews with counselors |
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Supervision vs. Consultation
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1. Hierarchical
2. Evaluative 3. Choice |
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4 tiers of supervision
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1. supervisor
2. supervisee 3. client 4. agency |
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Reflecting team
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Coined by Anderson (1987)
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Stages of supervisory relationship
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Tuckman (1965)
Forming, Norming, Storming, Performing, Adjorning |
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Multi-directional
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collaborative teaching method
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bi-directional
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sending out info
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3 types of learning
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Bloom (1956)
1. Cognitive mental skills (knowledge) 2. Affective- growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude) 3. psychomotor – manual or physical skills (skills) |
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Blooms Taxonomy (1956)
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• Remembering
• Understanding • Applying • Analyzing • Evaluating • Creating |
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HOTS not MOTS
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Higher order thinking skills not more of the same
Student learning is the goal |
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Problem students
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Dominant
challenging chronically unprepared under-prepared relative truth sensitive subjects |
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Courage to teach
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Palmer (2007)
About the person as a teacher, teach from the heart |
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Maps of Narrative Practice
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White, 2007
- Social construction, externalization, exceptions - Flow: expose dominant discourse-deconstruction, problem naming, externalizing problems, deconstruction, questions about personal preferences •Techniques: externalizing, unique outcomes, reauthoring, reinforcing the new story, deconstruction, letter writing |
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Solution Focused Brief Therapy
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Miller, deShazer, and Kim Berg
- Patient questioning – most used technique - Type of questions used: Exception, coping, scaling, miracle, future-oriented, competence/resource - SFBT Therapist – gives feedback, compliments, exclamations, validation |
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Collaborative
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Anderson
- Problem dissolve in dialogue - Techniques: No actual techniques, only conversation which transform - Curiosity, conversational questions - Not knowing stance |
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Constructivist
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- Concerned with the nuances of the way the individual constructs (hypothesizes) the world
- Truth & reality abandoned -Beliefs constructed in minds of individual -Interaction with physical & social environment -Constructs change over time |
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Object Relations Therapy
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Cashdan (1988)
- Derivative of psychoanalytic and ego psychology - Focus on reciprocal relationship between mother and infant and its effect on infants development of sense of self - Developed by Karl Abraham, Klein – credited with developing modern theory - Summary: Individuals born with drive to develop sense of self and others along with motivation to build interpersonal relationships. Individuals' sense of self and others affects all subsequent interpersonal relationships. - Assumption: psychological life is created through relationships over first three years of life - establishment of a close symbiotic relationship to a primary caregiver and subsequent dissolution of that relationship through separation/differentiation and individuation |
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Object Relations
Splitting |
All good or all bad - goal is to integrate
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Object Relations
Observing Ego |
see myself from outside perspective
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Object Relations
Projective Identifications |
Melanie Klein (1946)
Term used to describe an action in which an individual engages her defense mechanisms. These mechanisms cause her to falsely project internalized conceptions onto another. The projectors emotions will subsequently become the emotions of the individual they were projected onto. A cycle occurs where the victim projects these emotions onto people so often that they are unable to develop genuine close relationships. |
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4 types of projective identifications
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1. Sexual -
2. Dependency 3. Power 4. Ingratiation |
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Greg Lester
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Dynamic frame: capable of being changed throughout the sessions
- Designed for Axis 1 clients Static Frame: rigid and fixed. Incapable of being changed throughout the session - Make it tight, make it clear, be consistent and most importantly, do not waver - Designed for axis 2 |
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Systemic
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• Problems come from problems in the system, not individual
• FOO inportant • Not pathologizing • Relationally based • Change with any part will create change in all parts • Homeostasis – resistant to change, even unhealthy change |
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Low vs. High Differentiation
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Low Differentiation
- infused with family emotions, function - dependent on approval and acceptance - conform to please High differentiation - Recognize the need for relationship, but depend less on acceptance and approval - Can think for themselves |
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Bowen Theory
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- Genorgram
- Detriangulation - I position - Process questions - Decrease anxiety, self differentiation, fusion, sibling position, triangulation, multigenerational process, emotional |
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Strategic Theroy
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- Jay Haley
- Techniques • Paradoxical interventions • Ordeals • Pretend techniques • Power and control •Hierarchy • Escalation positive feedback loops • sequence |
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Structural Theory
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o Salvador Minuchin
o Techniques • Boundary making • Enactments • Reframing • Hierarchical structure • Joining |
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IFS
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o Richard Swhwartz
o Techniques • Balance • Harmony • Synthesis of multiplicity of the mind ( we all contain many different beings) and systems thinking • Newer experiential approach |
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5 Moral Principles
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based on Kitchner’s work
o Nonmaleficence – do no harm o beneficence – do good for others o Autonomy – freedom of choice or action o Justice – fairness – rationale when treating others differently o Fidelity - faithfulness, keeps promises or agreements |
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4 major virtue ethics
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- prudence – use only what is necessary
- integrity – pure and truthful as possible - respectfulness – anonymity of participants - benevolence – intention to do good |
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Ethical issues related to scholarly work
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- Participants – clear, fair, voluntary and explicit agreement
- Risks and benefits – alleviate human suffering - Informed consent - Identify risks |
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3 elements for assessing risks
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1. capacity
2. information is jargon-free 3. voluntarily |
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Approaches to integration
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Crabb (1977)
- Separate but equal - Tossed salad (equal and mixable) - Nothing buttery (only scripture) - Spoiling the Egyptians (only parts integrate) |
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Spiritual disciplines as interventions
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prayer, meditation, giving, thankfulness, scriptures
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Drugs
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Anti-psychotic - Thorazine
Atypical Anti-psychotic - Abilify Mood Stabilizer - Lithium Anti-depressants - Zoloft, Prozac Stimulants- Ritalin |
