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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is histology?
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What is the study of tissues?
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What is a tissue?
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What term is best described:
" groups of cells with a common function and structure ? " |
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What is the anatomical position?
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What term is best described:
" reference point that describes body parts and positions accurately? " |
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What is pH?
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What term is best described:
" the relative concentration of H+ ions in a body fluid" ? |
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What does a pH of 7 mean?
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What pH number is associated with being neutral?
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What pH's indicate acidity?
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A pH of 0-6 indicates what?
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What pH's indicate alkalinity?
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A pH of 8-14 indicates what?
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pH is measured in what?
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moles per liter is the measurement for what?
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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What organelle functions in providing most of the cellular ATP to cells?
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How many membranes do mitochondria have?
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What organelle has a double membrane that is known for making ATP?
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What are known as the inner membrane folds of mitochondria?
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What are cristae?
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What are fissures?
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What term is best described:
" deep grooves that seperate large regions of the brain? " |
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Describe the median longitudinal fissure.
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What seperates the cerebral hemispheres?
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Describe the transverse cerebral fissure.
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What seperates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum.
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Name all five lobes of the cerebrum.
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula are all the lobes of what brain part?
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What are the basic characteristics of life?
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maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth are all what?
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What makes up the brain stem?
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the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota make up the what?
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What term is best described:
" deep gray matter surrounded by white matter fiber tracts with nuclei of gray matter embedded in white matter " |
Describe the structure of the brain stem
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What is the function of the brain stem?
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What brain part's function is best described:
" produce the rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors necessary for survival " |
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What brain part overlaps with the hypothalamus?
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the brain stem overlaps with what other brain part?
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Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
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What term is best described:
" contains a lipid bilayer, made up of phospholipids, goes by the fluid mosaic model " |
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What are the normal positions of Na+ and K+ near the cell membrane?
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3 Na+ go out, 2 K+ inside describes what?
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The sodium potassium pump is an example of what type of transport?
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Give an example of active transport
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What is the "normal" membrane potential?
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- 70 millivolts is what?
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What are the four most abundant elements in the body?
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oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are what?
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What percentage of the body is made up of water?
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What is the most abundant chemical substance in the body (60-80%)?
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What factors impact the speed of biological chemical reactions?
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temperature, concentration, particle size and catalysts
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As temperature increases, what happens to the speed of chemical reactions?
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the speed of chemical reactions increases as what happens to the temperature?
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As concentration increases, what happens to the speed of chemical reactions
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Because of this, the speed of reactions increases until it levels off (chemical equilibrium). what is "this"
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________ particles move faster.
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Smaller particles move ________.
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What are catalysts?
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What term is best described:
" substances that increase the rate of reactions without becoming a part of the chemical reaction themselves " |
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What basically is the "genetic code?"
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Rules by which the base sequence of a gene is translated into an amino acid sequence are called the ___________.
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What are the two major steps of the genetic code?
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transcription and translation are the major steps of what?
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What is the goal of the genetic code?
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polypeptide synthesis is the goal of what?
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What term is best described:
" DNA information is encoded into mRNA " |
Describe transcription
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What term is best described:
" information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides " |
Describe translation
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What are ribosomes?
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What is best described:
" an organelle that is the site of protein synthesis " |
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What are the types of RNA?
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transfer RNA, messenger RNA and ribosomal RNA
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What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
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common origin, degrees of vascularity, and extracellular matrix
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All connective tissues originated from __________.
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What tissues originated from mesenchyme?
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The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is made up mostly of what?
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mostly non-living mass makes up the matrix of what?
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How do bones differ from most other types of connective tissue?
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What type of connective tissue is well-vascularized?
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Describe the epithelial tissue in the digestive lining?
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simple columnar epithelium is an example of what?
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How are epithelial tissues named?
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What is named accordingly:
# of cell layers , shape of cells |
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What are the functions of epithelial tissues?
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protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception are all what?
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What is best described:
" occurs in body as covering to lining and glandular " |
epithelial tissues are best described as what?
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List the layers of the skin
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epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
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What is the largest layer of the skin?
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the dermis is the ________ layer of the skin
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Only the __________ layer of the skin is well vascularized.
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Only the dermal layer of the skin is what?
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What is best described:
" contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells and langerhan cells " |
Name the cell types you'd most expect to see in the epidermis
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What is best described:
" cells like fibroblasts,macrophages, and strong, flexible connective tissue make up what?" |
What type of cells make up the dermis?
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What term is best described:
" a fibrous protein that gives epidermis protective functions " |
Describe keratin.
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What term is best described:
" thin layer of cells that line interior of blood vessels " |
Describe the endothelium.
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Define the term "burn"
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tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity,radiation and certain chemicals is known as what?
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What term is best described:
" cell proteins are denatured and cause death in the affected area " |
What is the effect of burns on proteins?
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How are burns classified?
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What type of tissue damage is classified by severity?
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What type of burn is best described:
" only epidermis is damaged " |
Describe what happens in a first degree burn
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What type of burn is best described:
" epidermis and upper dermis damaged " |
Describe what happens in a second degree burn?
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What type of burn is best described:
" full thickness burn " |
Describe what happens in a third degree burn?
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What are osteoclasts?
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What are bone-forming cells?
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What are osteoblasts?
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What are bone-destroying cells?
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What are osteocytes?
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What term is best described:
" mature, spider shaped cells of bone " |
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What term is best described:
" inorganic mineral salts, largely calcium phosphates present in the form of tiny, tightly packed crystals in and around the collagen fibers in extracellular matrix " |
Describe hydroxyapatites
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What to hydroxyapatities function in?
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What accounts for the exceptional hardness of bones?
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What is the structural unit of a compact bone?
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describe an osteon
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What is another term for the haversian system?
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what is another term for osteon?
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Why is cartilage so resilient?
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cartilage is made up of a matrix with 80% of water, which makes it very what?
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cartilage lacks what?
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What tissue type lacks both nerves and blood?
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Describe synovial joints.
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What is best described:
" joints in which the articulating bones are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity, allowing for substantial movement " |
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Most of the joints in the body are what type of joint?
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Synovial joints are the _______ common type of joint in the body
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What are the five important features of synovial joints?
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articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments are all characteristics of what?
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What is best described:
" glossy, smooth hyaline cartilage that covers opposing bone surfaces, that keeps bones from being crushed " |
What is articular cartilage?
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What contains the synovial fluid?
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What does the synovial cavity contain?
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What is best described:
" a two-layered capsule surrounding the synovial cavity " |
What is the articular capsule?
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What does synovial fluid do?
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What part of the synovial joint functions to reduce friction?
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What term is best described:
" an increase in bone width " |
appositional growth is what?
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When the diaphysis gets bigger, this is known as ________
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in appositional growth, what gets bigger?
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When the bone increases in length, this is known as ________
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What is interstitial growth ?
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Define hyperextension.
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What term is best described:
" extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion " |
