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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cerebrum (Telencephalon)
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Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia nuclei, amygdala
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Diencephalon
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Thalamus, hypothalamus. Modulate input to cerebrum. Endocrine regulation
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Midbrain (mesencephalon)
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Substantia nigra, superior/inferior colliculi. Parkinsons, eye, auditory
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Pons
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Cranial nerve nuclei, major ascending and descending axonal tracts
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Cerebellum
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Attached on the posterior part of the pons. Coordination of movement, other stuff
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Medulla
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Cranial nerve nuclei, axonal tracts
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Spinal cord
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Dorsal and ventral horns, spinal nerves
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Thalamus
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Major relay. Parses information going to cerebral cortex (part of diencephalon)
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Hypothalamus
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Autonomic functions, hormone secretion (part of diencephalon)
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Pineal body
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Secretes hormone responsible for sleep-wake cycle
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Midbrain tectum
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Upper midbrain region (close to cerebellum). Superior and inferior colliculi (responsible for vision, audition, respectively)
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Midbrain tegmentum
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basis of midrain
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Cerebellum
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Attached to back of pons. Coordination of movements
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Pons
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Lots of axons
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Medullary pyramids
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Contain corticospinal tract
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Cingulate gyrus
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Limbic system. Processes rewards, emotions, motivation
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Corpus callosum
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Commisural pathway that connects cortical regions from the two hemispheres
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Fornix
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Efferent pathway from hippocampus to forebrain. Used for learning/memory.
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Calcarine fissure
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Fissure in occipital lobe around which lies the primary visual cortex
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Red nucleus
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Receives input from cerebellum
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Substantia nigra
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Part of basal ganglia. Source of dopamine. Parkinson's disease. Motor control, reward-related behavior.
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Dura mater
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Thickest, most superficial layer of meninges. Protective.
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Periosteal layer
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Most superficial part of dura mater. Attached to inner surface of skull
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Meningeal layer
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Deeper layer of dura. Covers surface of cerebral cortex and brainstem
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Falx cerebri
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Flap of dura mater. Between two cerebral hemispheres
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Tentorium cerebelli
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Flap of dura mater. Between cerebellum and hemispheres.
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Dural sinuses
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Venous blood vessels that bring cerebral venous blood to the general circulation. Reabsorb CSF
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Arachnoid Mater
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Second layer of meninge. Separated from dura mater by subdural space
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Pia mater
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Innermost layer of meninge. Very delicate, thin. Adheres to surface of cerebral cortex. ONLY layer that follows deep circonvolutions of cerebral cortex
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Subarachnoid space
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Where CSF circulates when it is out of the ventricles. Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
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Subarachnoid cisternes
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Enlargements of subarachnoid space around brain. Places where brain draws away from the skull.
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# I
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Olfactory
Very front |
Sensory
Olfaction |
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# II
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Optic
Next to chiasm |
Sensory
Vision |
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# III
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Oculomotor
Between two cerebral peduncles |
Motor
Eye muscles, iris sphincter |
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# IV
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Trochlear
Dorsal surface of brainstem |
Motor
Eye muscles |
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# V
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Trigeminal
Side of the pons |
Sensory + Motor
Facial touch/pain, muscle control (mastication) |
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# VI
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Abducens
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Motor
Eye muscle control |
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# VII
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Facial
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Sensory + Motor
Facial muscles, taste (anterior tongue) |
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# VIII
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Vestibulocochlear
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Sensory
Balance + hearing |
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# IX
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Glossopharyngeal
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Sensory + Motor
Visceral sensation, visceral motor, taste (posterior tongue) |
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# X
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Vagus
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Sensory + Motor
Visceral sensation Visceral motor |
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# XI
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Spinal accessory
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Motor
Neck muscle control |
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# XII
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Hypoglossal
Junction of medullary pyramids and inferior olive |
Motor
Tongue muscle control |
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Circle of Willis
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Anterior communicating artery (unpaired)
Posterior communicating arteries Middle cerebral arteries Anterior cerebral arteries Posterior cerebral arteries |
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Blood supply to diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres provided by...
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Anterior Cerebral Arteries
Middle Cerebral Arteries Posterior Cerebral Arteries |
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Foramen of Monro
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Connects lateral ventricles with third ventricle
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Cerebral acqueduct
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Connects third and fourth ventricles
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Blood supply
Medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes |
Anterior Cerebral Artery
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Blood supply
Lateral surface of frontal, parietal, temporal lobes |
Middle Cerebral Artery
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Blood supply
Medial and lateral surface of occipital lobe and inferior part of temporal lobe |
Posterior Cerebral artery
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Blood supply
Internal capsule |
Middle Cerebral artery
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Blood supply
Striatum |
Middle Cerebral Artery
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What is Globus Pallidus given blood by?
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Anterior choroidal arteries
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Inferior olive
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Cells projecting to cerebellum
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Superior colliculus
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Controls visual saccades
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Inferior colliculus
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Integration + processing of auditory information
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Cerebral peduncles
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Axon bundles connecting forebrain with hindbrain and spinal cord. Corticospinal/corticopontine/corticobulbar fiber tracts
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Dorsal columns
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Axons from nuclei in the DRG. Terminate in dorsal column nuclei.
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Where is the primary motor cortex?
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Precentral gyrus (4)
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Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?
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Post-central gyrus (1, 2, 3)
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Where is primary auditory cortex?
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Superior temporal gyrus (41)
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Where is primary visual cortex?
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Occipital cortex along calcarine fissure (17)
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Where are the premotor cortical areas?
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Superior and middle frontal gyri (6)
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Where is Wenicke's language area and what does it do?
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Superior temporal gyrus. Understanding written / spoken language.(39)
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Where is Broca's language area and what does it do?
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Inferior frontal gyrus. Speaking (44)
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4 CSF functions
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1. Maintains homeostasis for neurons + glia.
2. Removes harmful metabolites 3. Reduces brain weight 4. Mechanical cushion. |
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Reticular nucleus
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Only thalamic nucleus that does not project to cerebral cortex, GABAergic
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Lateral geniculate nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Visual system, SPECIFIC
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Ventral posterior nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Somatosensory, SPECIFIC
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Ventral lateral nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Outputs to primary motor cortex., SPECIFIC
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Ventral anterior nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Outputs to premotor cortex, SPECIFIC
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Anterior nuclei
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Part of thalamus. Output to cingulate gyrus (processing, learning, memory, emotional response), SPECIFIC
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Medial dorsal nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Outputs to prefrontal cortex (attention, memory, organization), SPECIFIC
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Pulvinar
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Parietal and temporal association cortices. SPECIFIC
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Medial Geniculate nucleus
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Part of thalamus. Outputs to auditory cortex, SPECIFIC
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Properties of BBB (3 facts)
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1. Endothelial cells are deficient in vesicular transport
2. Endothelial cells are not fenestrated 3. Brain blood vessels surrounded by astrocyte feet |
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Thalamus: name the relay (specific) nuclei
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Anterior, lateral, medial nuclei
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Thalamus: name the diffuse-projecting (non-specific) nuclei
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Intralaminar and midline nuclei
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Astrocyte functions (7 facts)
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1. Form BBB
2. Scaffolding for migration 3. Release glutamate to modulate neuronal communication 4. Takes up K+ 5. Secrete growth factor in response to injury 6. Connects to e/o via gap junctions. 7. GFAP epression upregulated in injury |
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Types of macroglia
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Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes |
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Microglia functions (3 facts)
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1. 5-20% of total brain cells
2. Scavengers of debris following injury 3. Act as macrophages |
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Types of neurons
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1. Unipolar (single process is both an axon and dendrite)
2. Bipolar (One axon, one dendrite) 3. Multipolar (one axon, multiple dendrites, most prevalent) |
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Asymmetric synapse
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1. Small round vesicles in pre-synaptic terminal
2. Dense material on post-synpatic membrane. 3. Usually excitatory |
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Symmetric synapse
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1. Large, flat vesicles
2. No post-synaptic density 3. Usually inhibitory |
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Gap junctions (5 facts)
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1. Fast transmission
2. Usually among glial cells 3. Cells fire in synchrony 4. Small cleft (3 nm) 5. No vesicles |
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Chemical synapse (4 facts)
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1. Large cleft (30 nm)
2. Needs vesicles 3. Slow 4. Indirect |
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Globus pallidus (external and internal) in mammals is homologue of ... in rats
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Globus pallidus and entropeduncular nucleus
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Retrograde transport
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Transport from axon terminal to cell body (ex: fluorescent tracers)
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Anterograde transport
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Transport from cell body to axon terminals (ex: PHA-L)
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Bidirectional transport
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Both directions. (ex: WGA-HRP)
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Single cell injection methods
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Juxtacellular: record extracellularly. Anatomical goals
Intracellular: Electrophys goals. |
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Advantages / disadvantages of trans-neuronal mapping (with viruses)
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Advantage: Mapping multisynaptic tracts
Disadvantages: 1. Not all neurons transport virus at the same rate 2. Highly dependent on survival time. 3. Multiple roots of connections |
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Immunocytochemistry specificity
Definition How to test? |
Antibodies raised against certain proteins, receptors, etc should not cross-react with other molecules in tissue
Test: on tissue from knockout animals (nothing should be labeled in knockout animals) |
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Immunocytochemistry sensitivity
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Antibodies should have a high affinity for antigens they are raised against
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Requirements for Double Immunoperoxidase
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1. Must be able to differentiate the reaction products (if using light microscopy [color] vs electron microscopy [texture])
2. The primary antibodies must be raised in different species to avoid cross-reactivity |
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Main advantage of Immunogold method
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Higher spatial resolution than immunoperoxidase method
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Homology
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Features that are shared by organisms by virtue of COMMON INHERITANCE
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Analogues (homoplasies)
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Similar features that evolved independently, NOT HOMOLOGOUS
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Orthologues
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Same gene, same level in tree. Can be across species. (Same color)
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Paralogous
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Duplicate of gene, same level in tree. (Different colors)
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Archicortex
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(Ancient cortex), part of Allocortex
Three layers, found in all vertebrates Hippocampus, amygdala |
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Paleocortex
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part of Allocortex
Four layers, seen in amphibians Olfactory tubercule, parahippocampal gyrus |
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Neocortex
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Six layers
Outer layer is fibers, inner layers are cells. Feature of MAMMALS |
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Spiny neurons (5 facts)
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1. Make up 80% of neurons
2. Excitatory 3. Glutamate = neurotransmitter 4. Asymmetric synapses 5. Comprised of spiny stellate and pyramidal |
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Spiny stellate neurons (5 facts)
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1. Found in layer IV
2. Spiny dendrites 3. Arborize close to cell body 4. Axon goes to layer III and II 5. Intrinsic (stays within cortex) |
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Pyramidal neurons
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1. Found in II, III, V, VI (not in IV)
2. Pyramidal soma 3. Dendrites studded w/ spines. 4. Arborize close to soma 5. Apical dendrite goes to upper layer and arborizes. 6. Axons can project OUTSIDE cortex (thalamus, spinal cord, brain stem) |
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Corticocortical projections of pyramidal neurons
Which layers? |
II, III, V
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Callosal projections of pyramidal neurons
Which layers? |
III, V
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Corticostriatal projections of pyramidal neurons
Which layers? |
V
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Corticofugal (pons, tectum, medulla etc) projections of pyramidal neurons
Which layers? |
V
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Corticothalamic projections of pyramidal neurons
Which layers? |
VI
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Tectum
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Dorsal side of brainstem. Consists of superior/inferior colliculi. Dorsal to cerebral aqueduct
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Tegmentum
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Ventral side of brainstem. Ventral to cerebral aqueduct
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Pyramidal neurons: intrinsic projections. Types?
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Intralaminal: Recurrent axons (branches of axon that terminate around soma itself)
Interlaminar: Axon branches that terminate above or below the soma |
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Nonspiny neurons (6 facts)
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1. 20% of all neurons
2. Inhibitory. 3. GABA 4. Symmetric synapses 5. Found in all layers (I-VI) 6. Smooth dendrites |
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Basket cells
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Non-spiny neurons.
Terminate on soma and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells contain Parvalbumin |
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Chandelier cells
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Non-spiny neurons
Terminate onto axon hillock of pyramidal cells Strongest inhibition contain Parvalbumin |
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Neurogliaform cells
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Non-spiny neurons
Terminate onto distal dendrites of pyramidal cells Weakest inhibition contain Calbindin |
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Double bouquet cells
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Non-spiny neurons
Terminate onto distal dendrites of pyramidal cells Weakest inhibition contain Calbindin ** Can project to OTHER inhibitory (non-spiny) cells Contain Calretinin |
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Agranular cortex
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Very small layer IV, layer 5 is filled with very large pyramidal cells.
ex: motor cortex |
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Hypergranular cortex
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Large layer IV packed with tiny cells.
Ex: primary sensory cortex |
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Granular cortex
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Pretty much everything else (not agranular and not hypergranual).
Ex: Association cortices |
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Immunocytochemical approaches (3)
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1. Immunofluorescence
2. Immunoperoxidase 3. Immunogold |
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