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292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was one of the first sciences to help to understand evolution?
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Development
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What is Haeckel Biogenetic Law?
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Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny
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What is almost all development above the gene?
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Epigenetics
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What genes are responsible for directing development?
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Homeotic (Hox) genes
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What are clustered on chromosomes in order of when they need to be turned on?
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Hox Genes
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What is a group of cells able to respond to discrete, localized biochemical signals leading to the development of specific morphological structures or organs?
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Morphogenic Field
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Where one structures causes or affects the development of another?
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Induction
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What induces sclerotomes to form vertebrae?
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Neural Tube
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What induces ecto- or endoderm?
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usually mesoderm
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What is where two or more structures affect the development of the others?
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Reciprocal Induction
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What is the length of bone called?
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apical ectodermal ridge
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What is the front or back limb called?
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mesodermal core
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What is when you can potentially develop isolating mechanisms in one generation; one species jumps to another?
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Saltatory Evolution
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What is fossil record suggests that there are brief periods of relatively rapid evolution followed by lulls?
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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What can occur rapidly under induction?
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Changes
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What are the three bones in the bird lower leg called?
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tibia, fibula, and tarsometatarsus
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How many birds are in reptiles legs?
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13
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Who saw physically separated tibia and fibula or provided extra mesenchyme in developing chick?
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Hampe
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Who placed inert barrier inserted between tibia and fibula?
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Muller
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Who have the collar bone reduced or absent?
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Most mammals
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What is an excellent example of a evolution reversal?
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Snake Eyes
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What are eye exceptions in snake eyes?
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no eyelid, color vision via modified rods (vs. cones), focus by moving lens (instead of deformation of lens), some parts of the eye just turned back on
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Where is change likely?
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more likely later in development
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When does each part of development have fewer consequences?
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closer to birth
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What are adults with juvenile?
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paedomorphosis
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When structure continues its development beyond the ordinary time of cessation when the animal matures?
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Hypermorphosis
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What is sexual maturity accelerated relative to somatic development?
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Progenesis
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What are examples of progenesis?
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some fishes and Tree salamanders
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What is somatic development slows and is overtaken by normal sexual maturity?
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Neotony
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What are examples of neoteny?
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extended adolescence and juvenile adults
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Progenic Fish?
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priocharax
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Progenic Fish 2nd Example?
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Amazonsprattus
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Neotenic Salamander?
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Necturus
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What is the splitting into cells?
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cleavage
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What is the pattern of cleavage in which the entire ovum is divided into cells?
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Holoblastic
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Undergoing partial cleavage?
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Meroblastic
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What is extreme meroblasty?
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Discoidal
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What contains a small amount of yolk?
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Microlecithal (Mammals) and holoblastic cleavage
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What is medium amount of yolk, amphibians and most fishes, meroblastic cleavage?
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Mesolecithal
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What is lots of yolk, reptiles, and discoidal cleavage?
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Megalecithal
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What is invagination forms, becomes gut tube, opening= blastopore, and becomes anus in craniates?
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Gastrulation
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What is triploblastic?
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ectoderm- outside, Endoderm- inside, surrounds the gastrocoel, mesoderm- middle
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What will form neural tube?
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neural plate
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What is when neural plate folds, neural crest begins formation, mesoderm differentiates, coelem forms and two parts of hypomere = somatic and splanchnic?
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Neuralation
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What is dermis of skin?
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dermatome
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What is muscle?
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myotome
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What is vertebrae?
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slerotome
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What forms from somatic hypomere?
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limbs, peritoneum, and gonads
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What forms from splanchnic hypomere?
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heart, blood vessels, mesenteric that cover organs (dorsal and ventral mesenteries)
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What forms from ectoderm?
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epidermis, nerves and brain, some other contributions through neural crest
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What is synapomorphy for craniates, form from neural tube, break off, migrate and type of stem cell?
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Neural crest
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What forms from neural crest?
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ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves, most pigment cells except those of eye and spinal cord, most cartilage of lower jaw, and more and more of the skull is of neural crest origin
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What = skin?
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Integument
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What is ectodermal portion?
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Epidermis
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What is mesodermal portion?
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Dermis
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What is below dermis, mesodermal, w/ fatty deposits?
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Hypodermis
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What bone has intramembranous ossification, bones of skull, and fish scales?
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Dermal bone
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What holds shape, is in aquatic animals, and in terrestrial animals but not organized?
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collagen and elastin
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What has pores and glands to moisten skin?
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epidermis
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What are 3 characteristics of mucus glands?
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laminar flow, antibacterial, keep skin from drying
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What is cornification - stratum corneum?
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keratin
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What are 3 characteristics of keratin?
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1. Mostly in terrestrial craniates and thickest in contact areas(fingers, sole of foot)
2. Fish Examples- mudskippers, darters- contact areas 3. Folds that form tetrapod scales(different than fish scales) |
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What is unicellular glands in fish integument?
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mucus
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What are cells within mucus?
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club cells, granular cells, and goblet cells
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What have secretory products that are distasteful chemicals, toxins, and alarm substances?
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Sacciform cells
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What are examples of animals with sacciform cells?
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Schreckstof of minnows, catfishes, tetras, and South American Knifefishes
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What are mostly dermal in region?
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scales
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What are the two types of scales?
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bony and placoid
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What types of scales do bony include?
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cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid, and ctenoid scales
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Who has ganoid scales?
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Gar, Birchirs, some crossopterygians and extinct lungfishes
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What animals have cosmoid scales?
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some crossopterygians and extinct lungfishes
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What animals have cycloid scales?
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extant lungfish, coelacanths, bowfin, early teleosts
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What animals have ctenoid scale?
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evolved many times in teleosts
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What are homologous to teeth?
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Scale Origins
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What came first, teeth or scales?
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odontodes (integumentary teeth) came first
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What fishes have bony plates instead of scales?
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placoderms, ostracoderms, some catfishes, sticklebacks, and seahorses
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What fishes are scaleless?
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lampreys and hagfishes, chimaeras (except spines), catfishes, and some eels
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What animal uses skin as a respiratory organ?
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Amphibians
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What type of scales do amphibians have?
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dermal scales - Caecilians - origins unclear
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What animal has glands that are mucus and poison (toxins and hallucinogens)?
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Amphibians
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What kind of change do Amphibians make?
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Ontogenetic change (unicellular to multicellular gland)
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What type of scales do reptiles have?
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epidermal scales (keratin)
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What animal has Gastralia- ventral ribs, osteoderms (some plates in turtles, eyelid bones of crocs, small bones in flesh of crocs) and scent glands?
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Reptiles
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What are birds feathers used for?
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flight, down, contour, filoplume, rictal bristles
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What allows air passage or the asymmetry of flight feathers?
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rachis to one side
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What forms solid structure?
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downstroke
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What lets air through?
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upstroke
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What are waterproof feathers?
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Uropygial gland
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What type of scales are on feet and legs of birds?
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Epidermal scales
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What type of hair do cynodonts have that are mammals?
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pores potentially for vibrissae (whiskers)
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What is a gland associated with mammals?
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sebaceous
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What is associated with hair usually - makes hair waterproof?
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Sebum
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Where do mammals not have hair?
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at corner of mouth, penis, near vagina, and next to nipples
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What are two modified glands that mammals have?
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wax glands of ear and Meibomian glands of eyelid
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What mammals glands are thin - from birth - for thermoregulation?
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Eccrine Glands
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What mammalian glands are viscous - associated with hair, start at puberty - BO?
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Apocrine glands
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Who have the most thin sweat glands of any mammals?
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Chimps and humans
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What animal has claws and what are they made out of?
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most amniotes and keratin
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What animal has hooves and what are they made out of?
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ungulates and increasing keratin
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What animal has nails and what are they like?
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primates and flattened claws
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Who has horns?
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bovidae (cow and relatives)
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What are horns like?
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living bone covered by skin and keratin
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Who has antlers?
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cervidae (deer)
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Who usually has antlers; male or female?
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male
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What are the antlers nourished by until mature?
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velvet
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What animal has matted keratin fibers?
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Rhinoceros horn
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What animal has bony knobs?
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Giraffe horn
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What are not really horns?
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Rhinoceros and Giraffe horn
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What do many fishes have that is made up of keratin, holds onto females, and is for battling?
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tubercles
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What are pockets of pigment?
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chromatophores
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What are melanosomes - melanin - browns?
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melanophores
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What is guanine - reflective?
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iridiophores
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What is the color red called?
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erythrophores
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What is the color yellow called?
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Xanthophores
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What is most blues - selective reflectivity of tissues?
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Structural coloration
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What determines what will be produced during induction?
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epidermis
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What induces the epidermis to produce its normal product?
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dermis
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What gene is associated with pigment inheritance?
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Kit Ligand gene
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What has many functions including germ and pigment cell development and hematopoeisis?
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Kit Ligand gene
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What have regulatory mechanisms that control expression of Kit ligand gene in skin and gills?
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Light Sticklebacks
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What has blood supply, nerves, and heal quickly?
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Bone
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What has no blood supply, no nerves, and not heal quickly?
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cartilage
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What is firm, flexible material, chondroitin sulfate and collagen, cells= chondrocytes, cells in lacunae (spaces)?
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cartilage
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What type of cartilage has glassy appearance, long bones, and mostly replaced by bone in adults?
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hyaline
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What type of cartilage is reinforced liberally with collagen, invertebral disks, pubic symphysis, and knee?
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Fibrocartilage
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What type of cartilage has extra elastic fiber and epiglottis ear?
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Elastic cartilage
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What is the outer connective tissue layer of cartilage structure?
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perichondrium
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What part of the cartilage structure does food diffuse in and waste out?
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inner matrix
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What is slow to heal; cartilage or bone?
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cartilage
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What structure has calcium phosphate and other mineral salts in regular order in matrix?
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bone structure
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What makes up the canal in the osteon?
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haversion canal, blood vessels, lymph, and nerves
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What is diagonally between haversion canals, connects blood vessels?
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Volkmann's canals
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What produce new bone (osteogenesis)?
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osteoblasts
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What remove existing bone?
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Osteoclasts
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What type of bone is hard, but spongy-looking - typically inside long bones, increase strength (lie along stress lines), ability to change (alter depending on load)?
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Spongy bone
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What is type of bone is hard and is most bones?
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Compact bone
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What is the cartilage model?
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Endochondral
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What is the no cartilaginous precursor?
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Intramembranous
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What type of bone has long bones, vertebrae, and some skull bones?
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Endochondral bone
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What type of bone development 1. Mesenchyme forms cartilage model with perichondrium 2. A periosteal collar forms around the diaphysis when cells on the inner surface of the perichondrium become osteoblasts and begin secreting bone. Also calcium salts are deposited in the cartilage of the core of the diaphysis and seal off the chondrocytes which eventually die?
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Endochondral Bone Development
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What is new bone forming?
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Zone of ossification
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What is cartilage calcifying?
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Zone of Calcification
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What is cartilage elongating?
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Zone of Hypertrophy
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What is cartilage cells being produced?
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Zone of Proliferation
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What is normal cartilage?
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Zone of Hyaline cartilage
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When does growth stop in endochondral bone development?
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When epiphyseal plate reaches epiphysis
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Who has determinate growth; growth stops at maturity in bone development?
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Birds and mammals
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What are other craniates called when growth slows but never stops in bone developmet?
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Indeterminate growth
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What type of bone development is mesenchyme compacted into sheets (membranes)?
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Intramembranous Bone Development
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What type of bone type formed in dermis?
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dermal
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What bone type because of mechanical stress in tendon (patella, pisiform)?
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sesamoid
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What bone type is formed from connective tissue around cartilage and bone (adds thickness to structures)?
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Perichondral and periosteal
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Where is point where bones move?
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Synovial (diarthrosis)
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What is fluid-filled, connective tissue cap at end of bone?
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Synovial capsule
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What is there no movement of bones?
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Synarthrosis
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What is cartilage between aligned surfaces?
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Synchondrosis
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What is contact with fibrous connective tissue (most sutures)?
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Syndesmosis
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What are fused bone (ankylosed)
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Sysnostosis
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What is at the midline of joints?
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symphysis
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What are bones from original cartilaginous shelf?
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Chondrocranium
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What are bones from gills arches?
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Splanchnocranium (also visceral cranium)
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What are dermal bones in the skull?
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Dermatocranium
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What are part of each, bones that surround the brain?
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Neurocranium
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What has chondrocranium that has shelf or bowl that supports brain and covers sensor structures (nasal, optic, and optic capsules)?
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Primitive
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What has chondrocranium that arches up laterally and seals off at top?
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Chondrichthyes
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What has chondrocranium that ossifies at least somewhat - occipitals, ethmoids, sphenoids, part of otic capsule?
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Most animals
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The origin of what cranial bone has gill arch skeleton of hemichordates becoming bony or cartilaginous?
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Splanchnocranium
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What are the parts of the splanchnocranium?
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gill or branchial arches, mandibular arch (jaws primitively), and hyoid arch
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What are the parts of the gill of the splanchnocranium?
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pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, and basibranchial
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What is the mandibular arch made up of?
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Palatoquadrate + Meckel's cartilage
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What is the hyomandibula + hyoid bones?
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Hyoid arch
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What are remnants of slit between hyoid arch and mandibular arch, draws in water, gives oxygen to eye in pelagic forms, lost or reduced in fast swimmers?
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Spiracle
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What is just like ceratobranchial - hypobranchial (not on skull)?
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Articulation of mandibular arch
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What pushes forward to open and pulls back to shut?
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hyoid
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What hypothesis states first or second formed jaws, next fromed hyoid, nothing else?
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Serial hypothesis
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What hypothesis by Erik Jarvik states the second and third (maybe also first) arch formed mandibular arch, next hyoid, parts of all incorporated into skull (otic shelf, parts of neurocranium?
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Composite hypothesis
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What does the hyoid do in fishes excluding hyomandibula?
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changes size of mouth chamber (lie in floor of mouth)
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What does the hyoid do in tetrapods?
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operates tongue, other arches form laryngeal cartilages
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What loses importance in the jaws shifting to dermatocranium?
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Splanchnocranium
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What makes up the roof of skull and makes shell around chondrocranium?
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Dermatocranium
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What parts of the skull does the dermatocranium make up?
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maxilla, premaxilla, most bones of lower jaw (except articular), temporals, parietals, bones of palate
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What is double joint function?
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dentary- squamosal
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What is double joint hearing?
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Articular- Quadrate
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What are the jaw bone homologies of shark?
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Palatoquadrate, meckel's cartilage, hyomandibula
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What are the jaw bone homologies of bony fishes?
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Quadrate, articular, hyomandibula, angular
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What are the jaw bone homologies of tetrapods (except mammals)?
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Quadrate, articular, stapes (many times, if used in hearing) or columella (if not used in hearing), angular
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What are the jaw bone homologies of mammals?
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Incus, malleus, Stapes, Tympanic
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Who doesn't have joints in skull other than jaw that has cranial kinesis?
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Amphibians, turtles, tuataras, non-avian archosaurs, mammals (except rabbits)
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What do all fishes have, retained in amphibians, used under stress in squamates, and feeding and breathing in fishes?
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Buccal Force Pump
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What happens to the size of the buccal cavity when the hyoid lowers?
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increases
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Who has the most complex skulls among craniates?
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teleosts
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What is the choana called?
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nostril, nares
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Who has anterior and posterior nares?
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fishes
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What is the duct between nares/
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nasolacrimal duct
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What is opening of nasolacrimal duct?
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Posterior nare
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What is complexly folded tooth found in osteolepimorphs and early tetrapods?
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Labyrinthodont teeth
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Who has the abilitiy to move upper jaw up and presence of intracranial joint?
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Reptilian
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What is joint at back of skull?
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Metakinesis
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What remains still primitive in lizards in skull?
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neurocranium
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What is the joint just behind the orbit in the skull?
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mesokinesis
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What are lizards with meso-and metakinetic joints?
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dikinetic
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What is the intracranial joint in front of eye; found in snakes and birds (convergence)?
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Prokinesis
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What is need in order for meta-, meso, and prokinetic joints to work (pemdulous quadrate)?
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Streptostyly
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Why kinetic skulls? (facts)
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good for small, struggling or slippery prey, square-off jaws for vise-like grip, not good for large prey or chewing, this is due to loss of overall strength
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Who lose lower temporal bar?
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lizards
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Who lose upper temporal bar?
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Snakes
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Why do snakes and lizards lose temporal bars?
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increases flexibility
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Who lose lower jaw symphysis - operate each jaw independently?
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Snakes
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Wha do vipers use that rotates forward to inject venom?
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pendulous maxilla
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Who has derived diapsid skull, middle temporal bar lost, no teeth, keratin sheeth on jaw bones (beak), and are prokinetic?
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Birds
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What is ability to flex tip of upper jaw up - some shorebirds and starlings have this?
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Rhynchokinesis
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What does the secondary palate separate in mammals?
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nasal and buccal (mouth) cavities
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What completes secondary palate to trachea?
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Soft palate
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Who had the hard palate partially developed?
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Cynodonts
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Who are the only other animals with secondary palates?
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crocodiles
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Where was heterodonty first found in?
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early therapsids
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What are incisors used for?
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clipping
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What are canines used for?
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piercing
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What are molars and premolars used for?
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chewing and ripping
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What is rare outside of mammals and other therapsids (teeth)?
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heterodonty
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What is when the coronal suture along the back of the skull closes prematurely?
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Coronal synostosis
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what leads to brain and skull malfunctions if not treated?
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Coronal synostosis
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What is defined by loss of bones and sutures in the skull and jaws?
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Synapsid Evolution
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What is made up of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and gastralia?
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Axial Skeleton
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What is when elements are separate; sarcopterygians, primitive tetrapods, and acipenseriformes?
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Aspidospondylous
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What is when elements are fused; neopterygians, chondrichthyes, bichirs, and extant tetrapods?
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Holospondylous
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What has notochord as prominent?
|
Primitive Vertebrae
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What protects neural tube?
|
Neural arch
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What is dorsal intercalary plate of sharks?
|
Interneural arch
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Vertebrae are out of phase with these?
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myosepta
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What is the pleurocentrum and intercentrum?
|
Arch bases
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What is having no centrum?
|
Aspondylous
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What is having either the pleurocentrum or the intercentrum forming centrum?
|
Monospondylous
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What is having both the pleurocentrum and the intercentrum forming centrum?
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Diplospondylous
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What is more than one (usually 5-6) vertebrae per segment (chimaeras and lungfish)?
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Polyspondylous
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Who has amphicoelus?
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Chondrichthyes, Neopterygii (except gar), Amphibia
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Who has Acoelous?
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Dinosaurs and mammals
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Who has opisthocoelus?
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gar and ungulate necks
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Who has procoelous?
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Squamates and Crocodilians
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Who has heterocoelous?
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Saddle-shaped; Bird and turtle necks
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Who has no centrum?
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Jawless fish, placoderms, early chondrichthyes, chondrosteans, Sarcopterygians, and early amphibians
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What is fairly rigid du to presence of notochord, bending only in one plane, side to side?
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Amphicoelous
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What is almost all types of movement, even twisting, bird and turtle necks- rest of body stiff, and need highly moveable neck?
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Heterocoelous
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What is not very flexible, bend away from middle of centrum, vertebrae separate and nerve cord separates?
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Acoelous
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What is successive vertebrae in contact over entire range of motion and nerve cord not stretched as much?
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Opisthocoelous and procoelous
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What are remnants of notochordal sheeth and links successive vertebrae?
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Intervertebral ligament
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What is predominantly in terrestrial animals and limits twisting?
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Zygapophyses
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What are like zygapophyses but in squamates only?
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Zygospehenes (anterior) and zygantra (posterior)
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What migrate and coat notochord in perichordal tube?
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cells from sclerotome
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The width of perichordal tube varies to form what which is now cartilage?
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perichordal rings
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Notochordal sheath differentiates into chain of cartilaginous elements called what?
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Chordal centers
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What does mesenchyme condense at myosepta to form arch centers (arcualia)?
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neural and hemal arches
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What cells condense on notochordal sheath and ossify intramembranously (perichordal tube, centers)?
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sclerotome cells
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What form endochondral bone in amniotes, dermal in teleosts?
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sclerotomes
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What partially ossifies in teleosts, not in amniotes?
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Notochord
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What has no phylogenetic patterns?
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Hagfish
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What have neural arches present at least anteriorly for muscle support?
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Lampreys and ostracoderms
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What have neural and hemal arches which ride on notochord?
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Placoderms, acanthodians, early chondrichthyes, acipenseriformes, and most sarcopterygii
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What have fully formed centra, amphicoelous except gar (opisthocoelous)?
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Modern chondrichthyes, neopterygii, bichirs
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What are modifications of anterior 4-5 vertebrae, in otophysi (minnows, tetras, catfishes, S. Am. Knifefishes) - connect swim bladder to inner ear?
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Weberian Apparatus
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What have intercentrum that dominates and forms ring around notochord, pleurocentrum that is small, and ribs short and thick?
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Rhipidistians
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What region transmits force from legs to vertebral column?
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Sacral region
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What is in amphibians that does the nodding and twisting (yes)?
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Atlas
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What was added in amniotes that does the twisting (no)?
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Axis
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What did the atlas form from in mammals?
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intercentrum and neural arch of first vertebrae
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What formed from pleurocentrum of first vertebrae, intercentrum, pleurocentrum, and neural arch of second vertebrae?
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Axis
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What type of vertebrae do animals with heavier heads have further forward?
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anticlinal
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What type of animals have longer neural spines?
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heavier animals
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What type of dinosaurs support heavy tail, pivot on hips, and very long spines?
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Bipedal dinosaurs
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What decreases strength of wings in birds?
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Flexibility in flight
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What makes the neck in birds very flexible?
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heterocolous
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What type of vertebrae in birds are normally fused together?
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most thoracic vertebrae
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What is not needed to hold a bird together?
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muscles
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What type of bone do ribs have?
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endochondral
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What type of ribs do fish have?
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dorsal and ventral ribs
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What ribs form at intersection of myosepta and horizontal septum?
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Dorsal Ribs
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What ribs form at intersection of myosepta and coelom?
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Ventral Ribs
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What type of ribs do tetrapods have?
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Ventral Ribs
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What is the flap extending posterior to rib and overlaps next rib?
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Uncinate Processes
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What is for attachment of inhalatory muscles, probably stabilize rib cage to act as single unit during breathing?
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Uncinate Processes
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What animals have uncinate processes?
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birds, some other reptiles, and early labyrinthodonts
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What region is present but fused imperceptibly to transverse processes (pleurapophyses) in cervical and lumbar regions?
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Thoracic region
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What is midventral, endochondral structure, probably evolved multiple times and lost multiple times, and site for origin of chest muscles?
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Sternum
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What structure is not in fishes, early tetrapods, turtles, snakes, and many limbless lizards?
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Sternum
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What structure is generally small in modern amphibians?
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Sternum
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What structure is single bone in reptilia, forms large carina (keel) in most birds?
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Sternum
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What are abdominal ribs, made up of dermal bone?
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Gastralia
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What animals have gastralia?
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some lizards, crocs, tuataras, and some dinos
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What is sites for ventral muscle attachment; perhaps homologous to ventral dermal scales in labyrinthodonts and osteolepimorphs?
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Gastralia
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What is sigmoidal, but largely straight up and down?
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human vertebral column
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What is the curvature of lumbar that helps pregnant women from falling?
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Lordosis
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Who is the lumbar vertebrae more wedge-shaped in?
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Women
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