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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Note that the sematopleure is the lateral mesodermal plate and the ectoderm. This sheet bends into an upward fold. The inside of the fold becomes the ________ and the outside fold becomes the _______
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Amnion; chorion
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The chorion evelopes the _______ which envelopes the embryo. The chorion is pressed against the eggshell (or maternal tissue in mammals) and becomes vascularized for gas exchange (and in mammals, nutrient and waste exchange).
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amnion
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Amniotic fluid is secreted by ....
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cells of the amnion
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This collects dissolved nitrogenous wastes in those embryos developing within cleidoic eggs
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amniotic fluid
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This membrane forms as a diverticulum of the proctodeum. It contacts the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane.
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allantois
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The combination of the chorion and allantois contact the eggshell and function in _______ in reptiles and birds
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respiration
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The base of the allantois is the embryonic origin of the ______ _____.
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urinary bladder
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The placenta of amniotes are more complex or less complex then anamniotes?
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more complex
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Eutherian mammals all have a _______ placentae of which there are different types
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chorioallantoic
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DEFINITION- A TYPE OF CHRIOALLANTOIC PLACENTAE:
fetal membranes in simple contact with endometrium of the uterus. Peel off at birth with no tearing or shredding |
Contact or nondeciduous placenta
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DEFINITION- TYPE OF CHORIOALLANTOIC PLACENTA:
chronic villi invade the tissue of the maternal uterus. These are pulled from the uterus together with uterine tissue and expelled follwoing parturition as the afterbirth |
Deciduous placentae
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What are the two functions of placentae of mammals?
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Organ of life support, and also an endocrine gland
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Hormones for the maintenance and regulation of the pregnancy and for the control of parturition are manufactured and secreted by the _____
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placenta
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This is the interface between the external and internal environment
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integumentary system
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Functions to protect and maintain the integrity of the internal body
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integumentary system
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Its structure, nature, and accessory organs such as glands, scales, feathers, dermal bones, hoofs, claws, horns, and specialized organs of sensation or coloration are adaptations closely correlated with each species environment and life history
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integumentary system
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This system is comprised of the skin as its associated sense organs, glands, and accessory structures such as scales, hair, and feathers
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integumentary system
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In the integumentary system, it is composed of the epidermis, which is derived from ____, and the dermis which is derived from _____
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ectoderm, mesoderm
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What is the continuous layer of the epidermis that covers the surface of the eye?
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Conjunctiva
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Integumantary system functions importantly in protection from the environment and as a first line of defense against invading_______
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microorganisms
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A germinal layer of mitotically active cells at the base of the epidermis is responsible for replacing epidermal cells which are abraded
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The epidermis
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______ of cells originating int he germinal layer occurs as the cells are pushed to the surface from below.
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Keratinization
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In terrestial vertebrates, a thick layer of dead, keratinized cells constitutes the _______ _______
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stratum corneum
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This layer lies beneath the epidermis and is heavily invested with collagenous (protein) fibers which may be elastic, inelastic, or both.
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the dermis
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Blood vessels, nerves, sense organs, pigment cells, glands, cutaneous muscles, and importantly, dermal bones may be found in this layer
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The dermis
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Dermal bone is formed by intramembranous _______ as inorganic salts become deposited on a matrix of collagenous fibers
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ossification
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The skin of the _____ shows the simplest integumentary system and the basic patterns for vertebrate integuments
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amphioxus
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The epidermis is how thick in an amphioxus skin
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a single layer
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(a.k.a. basal layer or germinal layer) from which new epidermal cells are constantly generated pushing the epidermal cells above them up where they become flattened, invested with a scleroprotein call keratin, and die to produce a keratinized layer.
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Stratum Germinativum
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New cells push cell above them up where they become flattened, invested iwth a scleroprotein called keratin, and die to produce a keratinized layer known as the _______ ______
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stratum corneum
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The stratum corneum is very ______ in exclusively terrestial vertebrates and contributes to the skins _______ capabilities
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thick; waterproofing
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The ____ is bound to the body musculature and contains muscle, nerves, blood vessels, bone, connective tissue, pigment cells, and collagenous fibers
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the dermis
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Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
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always avascular
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The _____ _____ provides physiological and physical support for the specializations ( e.g. glands) which develop in the epidermis
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vascular dermis
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Epidermal glands of terrestial vertebrates may be ______ or ______ and vary in their degree of complexity
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tubular; saccular
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This category of organisms have a non-living mucous coating or cuticle overlying the epidermis which is secreted by unicellular epidermal mucous glands
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Aquatic vertebrates
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In aquatic vertebrates, primarily unicellular mucous glands in epidermis. these unicellular mucous glands are known as
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goblet cells
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This offers physiological protection and aids in escape for aquatic vertebrates
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mucous slime
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Some ____ secrete nutritive mucous for their young
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teleosts
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some mucous secretions of ________ are toxic: e.g. stingrays, stonefish, arrow frogs
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anamniotes
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_______ and _______ are found in the epidermis of teleost fishes
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Photophores and chromophores
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these may contain proteins and enzymes for bioluminescence or symbiotic bacteria for the production of light
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photophores
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What are the two different types of light production by teleosts. Hint: one is done under nervous control or flaps maybe retracted
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Intrinsic light production
Symbiotic light production |
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Terrestrial amphibians such as frogs keep the skin moist with ______ ______ to facilitate gas exchange.
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mucous secretions
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_____ ______ of fishes and aquatic amphibians secrete primarily toxic alkaloids.
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Granular glands
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Terrestrial anurans and a few reptiles produces noxious granular secretions for defense as well as _______ for communication. Toad "warts" are granular glands
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pheromones
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Do fishes have a keratinized layer of skin?
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no
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Some terrestrial urodeles have a slightly keratinized layer. Epidermal "teeth" of keratin develop in ______
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cyclostomes
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These type of organism have skin that is characterized by large epidermal mucous glands which protrude into the dermis
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Amphibians
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Mucous glands are rare among terrestrial vertebrates because of the need for ______ _______
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water retention
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These two types of organisms have largely aglandular epidermis
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birds and reptiles
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The only glands in the skin of birds is the _____ gland and a few other oil glands
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uropygial
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What are the two basic types of glands?
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Sebacious glands (oil)
Sudiferous glands (sweat) |
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Alveolar glands. Produce oily secretion (sebum) and often found associated with hair follicles.
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Sebacious glands
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Sebacious glands in external auditory canal produce wax-like cerumen. This gland is known as the ______ gland
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ceruminous
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Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands under the ______
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eyelid
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Tubular glands. Produce sweat primarily for cooling. Density is inversely proportional to hair density: Marine mammals lack these all together
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sudiferous glands
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These are modified sebaceous glands
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mammary glands
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Definition:
Ectodermal ridges from which mammary glands develop |
milk lines
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Proliferation of epidermal cells in the milk ridge. These will invade the dermis and develop into ________ _______
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mammary tissue
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Mammary glands develop in the ectoderm from two ridges of tissue which extend from the axilla to the groin. They invade the _____ as patches of tissue and spread beneath the _____, develop a nipple and a system of ducts appears. Hormones cause proliferation of alveolar glands at the end of the ducts. They manufacture a fatty secretion (milk)
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dermis; dermis
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Sweat glands empty through ducts to the _____ ______. (i.e. fingerprints) of the fingers and palms: the source of "sweaty palms"
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friction ridges
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Definition:
Secretions diffuse across cell membranes. No cell destruction occurs |
merocrine glands
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Definition:
Secretions are packaged and expelled by the cells (mammary). There is partial destruction of the cells. Cell contents can be found in milk. |
apocrine glands
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Definition:
Cells repture and release secretion and cell contents. are destructive to the cells which constitute the gland because the cells of the gland die and have to be constantly replaced. |
Holocrine
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The stratum corneum is well-developed and highly complex in ______ vertebrates
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terrestrial
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This layer of skin is important in retaining water. Specializations of this layer include, scales, claws, hair, horny protuberances, and feathers
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The stratum Corneum
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This layer of skin is relevant to scale development in squamates
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stratum corneum
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Are epidermal scales found in anamniotes?
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No
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These consist of wave-like folds of the stratum corneum. Has one continuous sheet over the entire body. They shed as one continuous sheets
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Epidermal scales
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Where do birds possess epidermal scales on their body?
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Face and feet
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Where do mammals possess epidermal scales on their body?
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Feet and tail
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The large scales of the pangolin are not reptilian modification but consist of ______ _______
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modified hair
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