Comparative Anatomy

Front 1

What are the three egg types?

Back 1

Mesolethical,macrolethical, and microlethical or alethical

Front 2

Definition:
Development from conception to senescence; including embryology

Back 2

Ontogeny

Front 3

Eggs are characterized by the amount of ______ they possess and their _____ _____ will be altered by the presence/absence of this.

Back 3

Yolk; early development

Front 4

What animals would have alecithal eggs?

Back 4

Mammals

Front 5

What animals would have mesolecithal eggs?

Back 5

fish and amphibians

Front 6

What animals would have macrolecithal eggs?

Back 6

birds, reptiles, chondrichtys, and some osteicthys

Front 7

The distribution of yolk, when present, can be described as _______ (evenly distributed) or _______(yolk concentrated at one end of egg).

Back 7

Isolecithal; telolecithal

Front 8

Definition:
Delivery of the young and reproductive strategies of vertebrates.

Back 8

parity

Front 9

what two things often reflect whether it lays eggs from which the young hatch (oviparous) or delivers live young (viviparous)?

Back 9

A taxons evolutionary and ecological constraints

Front 10

Definition:
The young hatch from an eggs instead of being delivered live

Back 10

Oviparous

Front 11

An oviparous species will be macrolecithal if the young are hatched in an _____ _____ _____ _____

Back 11

Advanced state of development

Front 12

An oviparous species will be microlecithal/mesolecithal if the young hatch as ______ _____ _______

Back 12

feeding larval forms

Front 13

Definition:
Eggs are merely held inside the mother for protection until hatching

Back 13

Ovoviviparity

Front 14

Definition:
Mother actually supplies nourishment through a capillary bed.

Back 14

Euviviparity

Front 15

Can an embryo begin development within the mother by living off yolk and switch to a euviviparous mode later in fetal development?

Back 15

yes

Front 16

What type of hatching or conception methods are used by chondricthys?

Back 16

Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and euviviparous

Front 17

What type of hatching or conception methods are used by osteicthys?

Back 17

Oviparity and ovoviviparity

Front 18

What type of hatching methods are used by amphibians?

Back 18

Oviparity and ovoviviparity

Front 19

What type of hatching methods are used by Reptiles?

Back 19

Extant:
Oviparous
Extinct:
Oviparous and viviparous

Front 20

What type of hatching method is used by Birds?

Back 20

They are all oviparous

Front 21

What kind of hatching methods are used for mammals: protherians?

Back 21

oviparous

Front 22

What kind of hatching method is used for metatherians and eumetatherians?

Back 22

euviviparous

Front 23

Among osteicthys viviparity has evolved in a number of unusual ways. Highly vascular modifications of the embryos pericardium, or in some cases, gut lining extend out of the body of the embryo to contact nutritive fluids within the body of the mother. Secretions of these fluids is known as ___________ ___________

Back 23

histiotrophic nutrition

Front 24

Patterns of cleavage, and blastula formation vary slightly depnding on ...

Back 24

The degree to which the egg is invested with yolk

Front 25

What is gastrulation?

Back 25

formation of the archenteron

Front 26

This starts the process of germ layer formation and morphogenesis

Back 26

Gastrulation

Front 27

FORMATION OF ARCHENTERON:
The blastomeres lose their ________ and their fates and destinies become confirmed in the formation of the triploblastic gastrula

Back 27

totipotency

Front 28

Patterns of gastrulation depends on ...

Back 28

patterns of yok distribution

Front 29

Blastula undergoes involution to from the _______ during gastrulation.

Back 29

Archenteron

Front 30

In a blastula, The dorsal wall of the archenteron forms ________ _______

Back 30

notochordal tissue

Front 31

As the mesodermal coelomic pouches increase in size to form the _________

Back 31

coelem

Front 32

Taken together the somatic mesoderm and the ectoderm constitue the ______

Back 32

samatopleure

Front 33

Splanchic mesoderm and the endoderm constitute the _______

Back 33

Splanchnopleure.

Front 34

Why is involution and the formation of a gastrula complicated in telolecithal eggs?

Back 34

Because of large amounts of yolk

Front 35

In alecithal eggs, The dorsal wall of the archenteron gorm notochordal tissue. Lateral to this are two bands of tissue which become _______ _______

Back 35

Mesodermal tissue

Front 36

The bands of tissue which become mesodermal tissue, invaginate from the archenteron to form the _____ _______ and bands form segments which constitute the ________ ________ of the mesoderm

Back 36

coelemic pouches, and metameric structure

Front 37

MESOLECITHAL EGG: In _______ eggs, involution and formation of the gastrula is complicated by the presence of large amounts of yolk

Back 37

Telolecithal eggs

Front 38

MESOLECITHAL EGGS: In the case of telolecithal eggs, many small blastomeres form at this location and involution is a consequence of rapid mitosis

Back 38

animal pole

Front 39

MESOLECITHAL EGGS: In the case of ______ eggs, many small blastomeres form at the animal pole and involution is a consequence of rapid mitosis

Back 39

telolecithal

Front 40

Definition:
Many small blastomeres form at the animal pole and involution is a consequence of rapid mitosis at the animal pole.

Back 40

Epiboly

Front 41

In macrolecithal eggs, the embro forms as a flattened blastula which lies on top of the egg's yolk and consist of two layers. What are these two layers?

Back 41

Epiblast and hypoblast

Front 42

In macrolecithal eggs an area of small densely packed cells called ______ ________ produces the mesodermal tissue which flows between the two layers to form the notochord, the metameric mesodermal somites, and the lateral plate mesoderm which becomes the somatopleure and splanchnopleure

Back 42

Henson's node

Front 43

In ______, the blastula is evident as a dense aggregation of cells (the blastocyst and the animal pole (inner cell mass) becomes an embryonic disc. The vegetal pole contains the blastocoel which becomes the yolk sac at gastrulation

Back 43

mammals

Front 44

The formation of the mesoderm and the appearance of teh embryo will depend on the ______ ___ _______

Back 44

amount of yolk

Front 45

The blastomeres which make up the vegetal pole. This is known as the

Back 45

trophoblast

Front 46

The blastomeres which make up the vegetal pole come into contact with the uterine lining of the mother and takes up _______ & ________

Back 46

oxygen and nutrients

Front 47

The animal pole is a flattened disc (embryonic disc or blastodisc) which appears very much like that of an embryo from _______ & _______

Back 47

reptiles and birds

Front 48

The differentiation of ectoderm over the notochord into a dorsal nerve cord is called ______

Back 48

neurulation

Front 49

These are ________ of the ectoderm: Nervous system, retina and lense of the eye and other sensory epithelia of exteroreceptors, epidermis and associated epidermal derivatives, lining of the stomodeum and proctodeum, cartilage, bone and connective tissues of the head and pharynx

Back 49

derivatives

Front 50

______ ______ contribute to ganglia, sensory, and glandular structures throughout the body

Back 50

neural crests

Front 51

_____ ______ give rise to specific sensory structures such as olfactory epithelia, the membranous labyrinth of the ear, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, the lateral line system, and the lense of the eyes

Back 51

Ectodermal placodes (thickenings)

Front 52

The lining of the alimentary canal is derived from ______

Back 52

endoderm

Front 53

All organs which form as diverticula of the gut are lined or composed of _______

Back 53

endodermn

Front 54

Derivatives of the ____ also include things such as parathyroid, thymus, auditory tube and middle ear cavit. Also, crop sacs, liver, gall bladder, and pacreas, appendix

Back 54

endoderm

Front 55

Each metameric mesodermal somite is composed of _____ parts

Back 55

3

Front 56

What are the three parts that compose each metameric mesodermal somite

Back 56

dermatome---> gives rise to dermis
Myotome---->gives rise to skeletal muscle and branchiomeric muscles.
Sclerotome---> vertebral bones and ribs

Front 57

The somatic mesoderm of the _______ ______ ______ gives rise to connective tissue and blood vessels of the body wall as well as the skeleton of the appendages and girdles

Back 57

lateral plate mesoderm

Front 58

_____ ____ contributes to the smooth muscle and connective tissue of the viscera.

Back 58

The splanchic mesoderm

Front 59

As the embryo becomes an organized, ___ _____ ____ occurs because notochordal cells secrete inductor substances

Back 59

triploblastic form neurilization

Front 60

In tripoblastic form neuralation, notochordal cells secrete inductor substances which cause only ectodermal cells( those cells which overlie the notochordal mesoderm) to begin differentiating into ___ _____ ____

Back 60

primitive nervous tissue.

Front 61

Most _______ and _______ occurs as a result of the secretion of _______ ______ from adjacent cells.

Back 61

Histogenesis/ organogenesis; inductor substances

Front 62

The destiny of any cell in an embryo is determined by its _______ ________ _______

Back 62

local cellular environment

Front 63

The chemical environment produced by surrounding cells determines the fate and development of any given cell by directing its _______ ______

Back 63

gene expression

Front 64

An invagination of the ectoderm anterior to the anterior end of the archenteron is the ______

Back 64

Stomodeum

Front 65

This will form the mouth cavity and the entrance to the gut when the oral plate ruptures

Back 65

stomodeum

Front 66

An evagination of the roof of the stomodeum, known as ______ _______, will become the _____________. Because of its position, it is known to be of _______ origin

Back 66

rathke's pouch; adenohypophesis; ectodermal

Front 67

The ________ is an invagination, like the stomodeum, adjacent to the anus and it gives rise to the cloaca

Back 67

proctodeum

Front 68

This is one of the four extra-embryonic membranes. The most primitive

Back 68

the yolk sac

Front 69

The yolk sac is Most primitive of the four extra-embryonic membranes. Lined with ________ and supplied with blood vessels

Back 69

endoderm