• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/34

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Habituation
Decrease in response after repeated stimulation
Dishabituation
New stimulus presented that helps the recovery of the first stimulus
Beaty and Shavalia
Removed rats from radial maze after making 4 choices

Returned later to finish task (eat rest of food)

4 hours or less = still very accurate

As time increased, accuracy decreased
Delayed Match to Sample
Present sample
Retention Interval
Present choices
Intertrial interval
Monkey RI
2-9 min
Dolphin RI
4 min
Proactive Interference
Old info interferes with new info
Retroactive Interference
New info interferes with old info

We forget our old phone numbers when we get new phone numbers
Why do we forget?
Decay Theory

Limited Capacity Theory
Decay Theory
Gradual decay of memory over time
Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Primary Effect
We tend to remember items at the beginning of a list better
Recency Effect
We tend to remember items at the end of a list better

(found in animals)
Clark's Nutcracker
A bird that stores seeds in the ground. Has a really good memory and can remember the seed locations for up to 9 months
How much can pigeons remember
800 items approximately
Vaughn and Green
1st study of pigeon visual memory capacity

Pigeons trained to discriminate among 320 pictoral stimuli: 160 positive/160 negative

Could discriminate all 320
Cook, Levenson, Gillette, Blaisdell
Trained pigeons to discriminate 1,600 pics
Skinner's Pigeon Experiment
Pigeons were put in a box and had to peck a spot for a food reward

They still remembered after 4 years
Tulving's Definition of Episodic Memory
What happened?
Where?
When?
Scrub Jay Experiment
Used an ice tray to bury both peanuts and mealworms (which the jay prefers). The food was buried between 4-124 hours..

4 hours or so, the bird went for the worms.

After 4 hours, they went for the peanuts cuz the worms were spoiled.
Landmark Use w/Pigeons
Pigeons use one landmark as opposed to humans who use many.
Spetch and Cheng
Pigeons experiment. Goal was placed in the middle of 4 landmarks. Pigeons use an absolute position of distance from one landmark.
Cognitive Map
Overall perspective of a spacial area
What do animals use to guide themselves during migration?
Sun, stars, temperature, gradients, landmarks, Earth's magnetism
Digger Wasp Experiment (Tinbergen)
Placed a circle of pinecones around the wasp nest

When the wasp flies away, he moved the circle of cones

When she came back, she went to the pinecone circle

Next he put a triangle of pinecones around the nest and put a circle next to it

The wasp went to the circle, as it uses the ARRANGEMENT of landmarks, not the landmarks themselves
Do pigeons use cognitive maps?
No. They use landmarks
Tolman on Cognitive Maps
Creation of new shorcuts and detours show an ability to create cognitive maps in their minds

Think of the rat maze: the food was up and to the right of the start. Then, when put into a HUGE maze with MANY arms, the rat goes up and to the right to find the food.
Evidence of Cognitive Maps
Water tank - rats will swim directly to the platform no matter where they're put into the tank

Detour task

Shorcuts
Hippocampus
Part of the brain responsible for the formation of new memories
4 C's of Social Status
Cooperation
Competition
Coordination
Communication
Classification of Social Systems
1. Social Organization - solarity, pairs, families, dominance, hierarchies, harems

2. Mating System - monogamy/polygamy

3. Social Spacing - territory, home range
Benefits of Sociality
Protection against predators
Foraging
Caring for young
Mate selection
Protection from weather/elements
Division of labor
Building shelter/nests
Altruism
Helping another out
Costs of Sociality
Increased level of competition for resources
More conspicuous
Increased spread of disease
Interference with reproduction
Pup killing