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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Habituation
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Decrease in response after repeated stimulation
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Dishabituation
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New stimulus presented that helps the recovery of the first stimulus
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Beaty and Shavalia
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Removed rats from radial maze after making 4 choices
Returned later to finish task (eat rest of food) 4 hours or less = still very accurate As time increased, accuracy decreased |
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Delayed Match to Sample
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Present sample
Retention Interval Present choices Intertrial interval |
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Monkey RI
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2-9 min
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Dolphin RI
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4 min
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Proactive Interference
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Old info interferes with new info
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Retroactive Interference
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New info interferes with old info
We forget our old phone numbers when we get new phone numbers |
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Why do we forget?
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Decay Theory
Limited Capacity Theory |
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Decay Theory
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Gradual decay of memory over time
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Serial Position Effect
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Primacy Effect
Recency Effect |
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Primary Effect
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We tend to remember items at the beginning of a list better
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Recency Effect
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We tend to remember items at the end of a list better
(found in animals) |
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Clark's Nutcracker
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A bird that stores seeds in the ground. Has a really good memory and can remember the seed locations for up to 9 months
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How much can pigeons remember
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800 items approximately
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Vaughn and Green
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1st study of pigeon visual memory capacity
Pigeons trained to discriminate among 320 pictoral stimuli: 160 positive/160 negative Could discriminate all 320 |
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Cook, Levenson, Gillette, Blaisdell
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Trained pigeons to discriminate 1,600 pics
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Skinner's Pigeon Experiment
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Pigeons were put in a box and had to peck a spot for a food reward
They still remembered after 4 years |
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Tulving's Definition of Episodic Memory
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What happened?
Where? When? |
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Scrub Jay Experiment
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Used an ice tray to bury both peanuts and mealworms (which the jay prefers). The food was buried between 4-124 hours..
4 hours or so, the bird went for the worms. After 4 hours, they went for the peanuts cuz the worms were spoiled. |
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Landmark Use w/Pigeons
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Pigeons use one landmark as opposed to humans who use many.
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Spetch and Cheng
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Pigeons experiment. Goal was placed in the middle of 4 landmarks. Pigeons use an absolute position of distance from one landmark.
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Cognitive Map
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Overall perspective of a spacial area
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What do animals use to guide themselves during migration?
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Sun, stars, temperature, gradients, landmarks, Earth's magnetism
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Digger Wasp Experiment (Tinbergen)
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Placed a circle of pinecones around the wasp nest
When the wasp flies away, he moved the circle of cones When she came back, she went to the pinecone circle Next he put a triangle of pinecones around the nest and put a circle next to it The wasp went to the circle, as it uses the ARRANGEMENT of landmarks, not the landmarks themselves |
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Do pigeons use cognitive maps?
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No. They use landmarks
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Tolman on Cognitive Maps
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Creation of new shorcuts and detours show an ability to create cognitive maps in their minds
Think of the rat maze: the food was up and to the right of the start. Then, when put into a HUGE maze with MANY arms, the rat goes up and to the right to find the food. |
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Evidence of Cognitive Maps
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Water tank - rats will swim directly to the platform no matter where they're put into the tank
Detour task Shorcuts |
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Hippocampus
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Part of the brain responsible for the formation of new memories
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4 C's of Social Status
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Cooperation
Competition Coordination Communication |
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Classification of Social Systems
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1. Social Organization - solarity, pairs, families, dominance, hierarchies, harems
2. Mating System - monogamy/polygamy 3. Social Spacing - territory, home range |
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Benefits of Sociality
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Protection against predators
Foraging Caring for young Mate selection Protection from weather/elements Division of labor Building shelter/nests |
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Altruism
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Helping another out
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Costs of Sociality
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Increased level of competition for resources
More conspicuous Increased spread of disease Interference with reproduction Pup killing |