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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Androgynous |
possessing both masculine and feminine traits |
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Attribution |
the process of attaching meaning to another person's behavior (things that lead to inaccurate attributions: snap judgements, first impressions, comparing others to our expectations, assuming others are like us) |
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Confirmation Bias |
the tendency to seek out and organize data that supports already existing opinions (an interviewer asking questions and using affirmations such as "good point!" in an interview that confirm the employer's image of the applicant) |
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Empathy |
the ability to project oneself into another person's point of view in an attempt to experience the other's thoughts and feelings (has 3 parts: perspective taking, emotional contagion, and concern) |
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First-Order Realities |
the physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (your grandmother gives you a hug) |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions (if someone else makes a mean comment, you will think it is because they are a jerk rather than thinking of external factors - fatigue, peer pressure) |
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Gender |
psychological sex-type |
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Halo Effect |
the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic |
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Horns Effect |
the tendency to form an overall negative impression of a person on the basis of one negative characteristic |
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Interpretation |
the process of attaching meaning to sense data (does the person across the room who is smiling at you think you're cute, or are they just being polite?) |
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Narratives |
the stories we use to describe our personal worlds |
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Negotiation |
the fourth stage of the perception process, in which communicators influence each other's perception through interaction (a couple married 50 years probably believes that they are in a happy marriage and will blame external circumstances for challenges rather than their partner) |
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Organization |
the stage in the perception process that involves arranging data in a meaningful way (organizing people into categories and then judging them based on that; religion, ethnicity, sex, etc. - 4 constructs = physical, role, interaction, psychological) |
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Perception Checking |
a three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of the interpretations ("when you stomped out of the room and slammed the door [behavior], I wasn't sure if you were mad at me [int. #1] or just in a hurry [int. #2]. How did you feel? [request for clarification]" |
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Primacy Effect |
the tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence (you typically can remember your first impressions of your closest friends well) |
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Punctuation |
the process of determining the causal order of events (a married couple in which the woman is demanding and the man is withdrawing, and they both say that they're like this because of what the other is doing) |
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Second-Order Realities |
perceptions that arise from attaching meaning to first-order things or situations (it is appropriate for grandmothers to hug their grandchildren) |
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Selection |
a phase of the perception process in which a communicator attends to a stimulus from the environment... also, a way communicators manage dialectical tensions by responding to one end of the dialectical spectrum and ignoring the other (will you pay attention to the prof speaking, the fire truck siren, the pen tapper next to you, etc.) |
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Self-Serving Bias |
the tendency to judge oneself in the most generous terms possible while being more critical of others |
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Standpoint Theory |
a body of scholarship that explores how one's position in a society shapes one's view of society in general and of specific individuals |
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Stereotyping |
exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system |
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perception |
our experience in the world |
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1. selection 2. organization 3. interpretation 4. negotiation |
four "steps" of perception |
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selection |
intrapersonal - which of the stimuli presented to you is going to be the one (or several) you choose to focus on? things that attract our selection: different stimuli, repetitive stimuli, changing stimuli, stimuli that match your experiences or motives |
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organization |
intrapersonal - once you've selected what you will focus on, you categorize information about it (prototypes-an ideal representation of something; personal constructs-measuring sticks with two ends; stereotypes; scripts-expectations of how something will unfold) |
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interpretation |
intrapersonal - how you make sense of the organization you have just done |
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attribution |
explaining things |
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locus |
attribution factor - internal or external; where we place responsibility |
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stability |
attribution factor - stable or unstable; either something occurs over time or it occurs in a rare instance) |
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specificity |
attribution factor - specific or global; more based on context when stability is based on time |
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negotiation |
interactive; building understanding, increasing empathy, remembering the surplus of seeing |
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surplus of seeing |
everyone is situated in time and space, and only has access to certain things. that which falls outside of that situation is this (not being able to understand what being a man is like when you've been born and raised a woman) |
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1. restate occurrence 2. provide realistic expectations 3. ask for clarification |
perception check (3 steps) |
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1. I'm right, you're wrong 2. you're right, I'm wrong 3. we're both right and wrong 4. the issue isn't important |
the pillow method (4 steps) |