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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Androgynous

possessing both masculine and feminine traits

Attribution

the process of attaching meaning to another person's behavior (things that lead to inaccurate attributions: snap judgements, first impressions, comparing others to our expectations, assuming others are like us)

Confirmation Bias

the tendency to seek out and organize data that supports already existing opinions (an interviewer asking questions and using affirmations such as "good point!" in an interview that confirm the employer's image of the applicant)

Empathy

the ability to project oneself into another person's point of view in an attempt to experience the other's thoughts and feelings (has 3 parts: perspective taking, emotional contagion, and concern)

First-Order Realities

the physically observable qualities of a thing or situation (your grandmother gives you a hug)

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions (if someone else makes a mean comment, you will think it is because they are a jerk rather than thinking of external factors - fatigue, peer pressure)

Gender

psychological sex-type

Halo Effect

the tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one positive characteristic

Horns Effect

the tendency to form an overall negative impression of a person on the basis of one negative characteristic

Interpretation

the process of attaching meaning to sense data (does the person across the room who is smiling at you think you're cute, or are they just being polite?)

Narratives

the stories we use to describe our personal worlds

Negotiation

the fourth stage of the perception process, in which communicators influence each other's perception through interaction (a couple married 50 years probably believes that they are in a happy marriage and will blame external circumstances for challenges rather than their partner)

Organization

the stage in the perception process that involves arranging data in a meaningful way (organizing people into categories and then judging them based on that; religion, ethnicity, sex, etc. - 4 constructs = physical, role, interaction, psychological)

Perception Checking

a three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretations, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of the interpretations ("when you stomped out of the room and slammed the door [behavior], I wasn't sure if you were mad at me [int. #1] or just in a hurry [int. #2]. How did you feel? [request for clarification]"

Primacy Effect

the tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence (you typically can remember your first impressions of your closest friends well)

Punctuation

the process of determining the causal order of events (a married couple in which the woman is demanding and the man is withdrawing, and they both say that they're like this because of what the other is doing)

Second-Order Realities

perceptions that arise from attaching meaning to first-order things or situations (it is appropriate for grandmothers to hug their grandchildren)

Selection

a phase of the perception process in which a communicator attends to a stimulus from the environment... also, a way communicators manage dialectical tensions by responding to one end of the dialectical spectrum and ignoring the other (will you pay attention to the prof speaking, the fire truck siren, the pen tapper next to you, etc.)

Self-Serving Bias

the tendency to judge oneself in the most generous terms possible while being more critical of others

Standpoint Theory

a body of scholarship that explores how one's position in a society shapes one's view of society in general and of specific individuals

Stereotyping

exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system

perception

our experience in the world

1. selection


2. organization


3. interpretation


4. negotiation

four "steps" of perception

selection

intrapersonal - which of the stimuli presented to you is going to be the one (or several) you choose to focus on? things that attract our selection: different stimuli, repetitive stimuli, changing stimuli, stimuli that match your experiences or motives

organization

intrapersonal - once you've selected what you will focus on, you categorize information about it (prototypes-an ideal representation of something; personal constructs-measuring sticks with two ends; stereotypes; scripts-expectations of how something will unfold)

interpretation

intrapersonal - how you make sense of the organization you have just done

attribution

explaining things

locus

attribution factor - internal or external; where we place responsibility

stability

attribution factor - stable or unstable; either something occurs over time or it occurs in a rare instance)

specificity

attribution factor - specific or global; more based on context when stability is based on time

negotiation

interactive; building understanding, increasing empathy, remembering the surplus of seeing

surplus of seeing

everyone is situated in time and space, and only has access to certain things. that which falls outside of that situation is this (not being able to understand what being a man is like when you've been born and raised a woman)

1. restate occurrence


2. provide realistic expectations


3. ask for clarification

perception check (3 steps)

1. I'm right, you're wrong


2. you're right, I'm wrong


3. we're both right and wrong


4. the issue isn't important

the pillow method (4 steps)