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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what percentage of aa get hiv each year
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50%
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how many people dont know they are infected with hiv worldwide
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90%
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what is the average life span for one o antiviral drugs with hiv
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8 years
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how many times a day does hiv reproduce in the body
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10 billion to 1 trillion times per day
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how long is hiv dormacy period when does not get symptoms
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up 2 10 years
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what percentage of people believed you could get hiv by sharing a glass
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23%
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do some people have a natural protection against hiv
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TRUE
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circumcision cuts the risk factor of a man getting hiv from a women by how much
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60%
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what is the biggest hiv risk factor for women in develop countries
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being married
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20 percent
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how many people in devloping countries are on meds for hiv
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which country bans federal fans 4 needle exchage programs
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united states
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when did hiv 1st cross the species barrier from the chimpanzee
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1930s
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where did the dominant strain of hiv emerege from that has ifected 90 percent of population start
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southeastern cameroon
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explain what AIDS is?
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is the most serious stage of hiv, it results from the destruction of the infected persons immune system. u are at risk for serious infections
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which disease fighting cells does hiv attack?
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CD4 fights infection or CD4 T lymphocytes, as u lose them the immune stystem weakens, opens u up to infections
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how to know hiv and gone to AIDS?
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when the immune system get very weak, CD4 drops below 200, or if u develop an AIDs defining condition, one that is unuusual in one not hiv infected
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how many meds will one have to take with hiv
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combo of 3 or more in diff classes in regimen called highly active antiretroviral thereapy
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what is a antiretroviral
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a med that interferss with replication of retroviruses,
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what is viral load
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the amout of hiv in a sample of blood
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possible side effects of harrt?
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liver problems,diebates, nerve problems,ect...
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explain the concept of AGENT
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refers to factors to which without them the disease cannot occur, a substance, force, which is the cause of the event.
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Name 6 AGENT factors
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1. Nutritive elements- fats
2. Outside chemicals- smoke 3. Inside chemicals- high bilirubin 4. Physiologic factors- narrowing of blood vessels 5. paratites, bacteria, fungi, viruses 6. pyshchological- stress |
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explain the concept of HOST
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In reference to humans and what makes them susceptible to the agent, causative factor
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Name 4 HOST factors
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1. genetics- weak?race?
2. physiologic- age, gender, preg 3. psychic- stress, spiritual 4. behavioral- nutrtion, rest, job, hygiene |
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explain concept of environment
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embraces all that is external to host and agent
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Name 4 environmental factors
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1. geologic- water
2. biologic- rodents, animals, plants 3. socioeconomic- climate, natural resources, housing, education status |
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what does each part of the triangle represent
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changes in the charactereitcs of any of the factors may result in disease transmission.example is when one takes an antibiotic it may elimnate the pathogen but it may also alter the balance of normally occuring organisms in the body. one agent overruns the other and Yeast , another disease occurs. any imbalance can cause disease.
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what does the Host represent
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it can harbor infection, the characterictcs of the host that may influence the spread of disease are host resistance, immnity, herd immunity, and infectiouness of the host
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what does the AGENT represnt
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the cause, bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses. infectivity, patho, virulence, toxicty, invasiveness, and antigenticity are used to characterize the agent
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what does the environment respresnt
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the environment factors help the transmission of the infectious agent from an infected host to other susceptible host
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what are 5 specific characteristics related to the AGENT
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1. viabilty 2. vulnerabilty 3. infectivity 4. pathogenicity 5. virulence
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VIABILITY is the ______ to survive and withstand ______ ______ ______ such as heat, cold, dryness, moistness, and transmission
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ability
adverse environmental influences |
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VULNERABILTY is the degree to which ______ and ______ substances shorten the period of infectivity and _________.
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chemotherapeutic and antibiotic
transmission |
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what is infectivity
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ability to enter and multiply
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PATHOGENICITY is the ability of an agent to ------ -- ---------- --------
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induce a specific disease
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VIRULENCE is the ability of an agent to _____ ______ _______ _ ______
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induce SEVERE disease or death
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VIRULENCE - the ability of an agent to ??
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induce SEVERE disease or death
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what is vertical transmission?
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the passing of the infection of the parent to offspring by sperm, breastmilk, placenta, or contact in the vaginal canal, transmission of hiv and syphillis
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what horizontal transmission?
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is person to person, STD by sexual contact
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what is the diff btw being HIV positive and having AIDS?
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HIV= primary infection within one month of contracting it, clinical latency, final stage with symptoms, CD4 will drop for a brief time. HIV antibodies are present(dont protect in this case) gradual deteriotation of the immune system. AIDS is the last stage of hiv and may come from damage from hiv 2nd cancers and opportunistic infections. YOU know u have it when CD4 t lymp count less than 200 with documented hiv infection.
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How would you as a nurse screen for HIV?
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hiv antibody test(ELSA), oral fluids or blood samples, THEY DO NOT TELL IF ONE HAS AIDS. western blot to confirm. the window period is 6 wks-3mo and can cause a false neg
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what are some populations at risk for hiv?
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msm- largest group wth aids
heterosexual- increasing fast drug injection users- AA older adults |
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what education is necessary for hiv/aids?
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to receive test results Assess risk
Discuss risk behaviors and how to avoid engaging in them Develop with the client a risk-reduction plan Establish the follow-up appointment and posttest counseling Posttest Counseling Negative: counsel on risk-reduction activities; make sure client understands test may not be truly negative (6-12 weeks before evidence of HIV antibody) Positive: counsel about the need for reducing his or her risks and notifying past partners |
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why is TB such an issue with hiv/AIDS
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it is an opportunitic infection that attacks the immune system easier in an hiv patient, its becoming more prevlent bc of hiv and can spread rapidly among immunsuppressed people. they must be carefully screened b4 going in close quarters.
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which stds are bacterial?
viral? |
gonorrhea- syphillis- chlamydia
HIV-HPV-HSV2 |
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what are the guidelines in obtaining contact history
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also know as contact tracing, usually occur in conjuction with reportable disease requirments, its done by confidentally identifying and notifying exposed people of those found to have reportable diseases and ensuring evaluation and treatment.
- asked to give name and location of partners so they can be informed and treated - some feel better if nurse notifys - if person contacts, then the nurse contacts health provider to verify examination of exposed partners - nurse can contact by home visit, and the identification is not revealed of the infected person |
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How can we provide a differential diagnosis for TB?
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by doing the skin test and if negative and have other diseases like hiv, we can do the sputum smears, other body fluid with presence of acid fast bacilli, and culture of tubercle baccilli
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how do we screen for TB?
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skin testing with PPD, follwed by a chest xray with person with positive skin reaction and pulmonary symptoms
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The specifics of how to admister a TB test?
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- for the mantoux test, inject 0.1 ml containing 5 tuberculin units of PPD tuberculin
-read at 48-72 hrs - measure only induration -record in mm |
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how to read a TB test?
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Test is positive if induration is greater or equal to 5 mm in HIV,previous chest xray for tb, close contact with tb person
test is positive if induration is greater or equal to 10mm in certain med conditons,injection users,foriegn born, low income, residents of long term care, children under 4 positve if induration is greater than 15 in kids over 4 with no risk factors of tb |
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primary prevention examples
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- education of stds
- vaccine for hep A and B - provide needle exchange |
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secondary preventoin examples
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adminster ppd
test and counsel for HIV notify partners and trace contacts |
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tertiary prevention examples
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educate hiv patients on primary precaustions
initate DOT set up support for people with herpes |
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what is epidemiology and its roots?
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it investigates the distribution or the patterns of health events in populations and the determinants or the factors that influence the those patterns.
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read in book history of epidemology
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read
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How would a nurse use epidemology?
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by being involved in the surveillence and monitoring of disease trends. they can identify patterns of a disease in a group while working in various settings. p.162
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how would define infant mortality rate?
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Infant mortality is sometimes used as a yardstick for comparing the outcomes of health systems in countries at similar levels of socioeconomic development………
Infant mortality rate = number of deaths before one year of age per 1000 live births |
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what is mobiidity? Mortality?
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sick; death
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epidemic roots is
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disease surveillance
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