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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Def: -”The process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health”
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WHO's definition of health promotion
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Def: Actions taken to reduce the probability of health problems or injury by modifying behavior, environment, or activity.
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risk reduction
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Def: First Contact and continuous, comprehensive and coordinated care
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Primary care delivery system
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Def: Decreasing or modify risks that lead to illness and prevent attainment of health
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risk reduction
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Def: Activities directed at improving well-being; Decrease or modify risks that lead to illness and prevent attainment of health
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health promotion
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When do you do primary prevention?
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Doing preventions before there is a problem
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When do you do tertiary prevention?
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When the problems have already happened, prevent from getting worse and helping ppl to have their best level of functioning
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Def: Main organizational body of the public health system, most hlt-related responsibilities; Protects health of all Americans & Provides essential human services
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Department of Health&Human Services (DHHS)
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When would you do secondary prevention?
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After the problem has started, but still at an early stage, before s&s
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What type of public health system is DHHS?
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federal
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What is the purpose of the public health system?
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•Protect, promote, and restore the people's health.
•Programs, services, and institutions involved emphasize prevention of disease •Focus is on the health needs of the population as a whole. |
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Who's role is to provide direct care/services, usually at local health department.
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local governement
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What is the purpose of the private health system?
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•Focus on care to individuals
Health promotion •Prevention and early detection of disease •Diagnosis and treatment of disease. •It is focused on cure, rehabilitative and restorative care, and custodial care of the individual. |
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What level of government is WIC and SCHIP program? (local, state, federal?)
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local governement
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Which health care legislation require that all hospitals participating in Medicare must treat patients in ER even if they cannot pay
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COBRA
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Def: the discipline that provides the structure for systematically studying the distribution and determinants of hlt, dz, and conditions r/t health status
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epidemiology
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def: a statistic used to describe an event or characteristic.
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rate
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Has the concepts for understanding and explaining how and why hlt and illness occur when they do in populations and help guide clinical practice and influence hlt outcomes.
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epidemiology
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def: the rate at which a specific dz develops in a population.
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incidence
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def: all of the existing cases at a given point in time, including new cases and all existing cases.
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prevalence
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What rate is influenced by how manyh ppl become ill and how many ppl recover or die?
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prevalence
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What rate is teh number of new cases of an illness or injury that occurs w/in a specified time?
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incidence
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Def: the principal science of public health.
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epidemiology
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What are the 3 factors used to describe the frequency of dz and it's distribution?
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person, place, and time factors
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What are some possible determinants or causes of dz?
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agent, host, environment; web of causation
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How many days need to have passed in order to be considered a broken chain of transmission?
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20 days
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Which type of epidemiology tests hypothesis generated by descriptive data?
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analytic epidemiology
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Which type of epidemiology examines complex relationships among determinants of diseases?
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analytic epid.
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Which type of epidemiology answers the question of who, what, and where? And can generate hypothesis about the cause of a disease?
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descriptive epidemiology
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which type of study is useful for investigating chronic diseases and uses the scientific process?
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experimental study
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which type of study examines relationships between potential casual factors and diseases at ta specified time?
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cross sectional
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which type of study can determine cause and effect?
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analytic epid
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Name the 3 types of analytic studies.
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experimental, retrospective, and prospective
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Def: an identifiable relationship b/w an exposure and disease
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association
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what type of epidemiology uses person, place, and time variables to describe dz patterns?
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descriptive epid
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Def: Implies that there is a true correlation b/w the number of exposures to a risk factor and development of that disease.
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causation
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what type of study cannot determine cause and effect?
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cross sectional
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which type of epidemiology looks at why a dz is lower in one population than another?
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analytic epidemiology
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what implies that exposure might cause disease?
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association
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List the steps in epidemiological experimental study.
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1. determine nature, extent, and scope of problem
2. formulate hypothesis 3.collect and analyze data 4. plan for control 5.implement control plan 6.evaluate control plan 7.appropriate reporting 8.conduct research |
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what type of study follows a group of dz free people to determine if and when a disease occurs?
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prospective
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which study goes back and compares to the present and looks at records?
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retrospective study
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Def: the entity that causes the injury or disease.
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agent
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Def: Influences the interaction b/w agent and host.
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environment
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What says that outcomes may be due to a multiple exposures or continual exposure over time?
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web of causation
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def: the human, or organism, that is susceptible to the agent.
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host
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what can be biological, chemical, or physical?
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agent
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def: the amount of dead from a specific cause in a population in a period of time.
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mortality
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def: rate of death ina specific age group
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age specific rate
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def: diseases that are always present in a population but flare up on occasion.
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epidemic
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def: the existence of dz in a large proportion of the population; a global epidemic
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pandemic
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def: rate of death from a specific cause
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cause specific rate
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def: rate of infant deaths before 1 yr of age
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infant mortality rate
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def: the amount of dz or hlt related condition/illness in a population in a period of time
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morbidity
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def: dz that are always present in a population.
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endemic
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def: a localized occurrence of increased dz incidence.
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outbreak
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def: rate of death from a specific dz
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case fatality rate
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what is the formula for calculating mortality?
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# of dead per unit of time/total population
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def: the tests ability to do the screening correctly
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sensitivity
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what is the formula for calculating morbidity?
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# of specific dz x K/total population
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def: the extent that the test can identify those who do NOT have the dz
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specificity
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def: a mechanism for ongoing collection of community hlt info.
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surveillance
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def: the unexpected increase/occurrence of an infx within a specific geographical area.
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epidemic
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def: old diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range or new, previously unknown conditions.
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emerging infectious dz
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What is the CDC responsible for?
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for infx dz control and designates notifiable infx dz and publishes weekly reports of them
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def: a worldwide outbreak of an epidemic dz in which humans have no immunity
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pandemic
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What is notifiable infectious dz?
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when healthcare providers who encounter these disease must report them to the local/regional hlt department
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what is the role of the state hlt department in infx dz control?
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monitor and control dz w/in state and determines which dz will be reported to CDC; vary state by state
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def: old diseases that are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range or new, previously unknown conditions.
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emerging infectious dz
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def: the reduction of the incidence of a dz worldwide to zero as a function of efforts
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dz eradication
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def: environment of the agent lives in and multiplies
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reservoir
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def: the way the agent enters the host
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portal of entry
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give examples of portal of exits
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fluids, blood, saliva, feces
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What is notifiable infectious dz?
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when healthcare providers who encounter these disease must report them to the local/regional hlt department
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what is the role of the state hlt department in infx dz control?
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monitor and control dz w/in state and determines which dz will be reported to CDC; vary state by state
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def: the reduction of incidence or prevalence of a dz to a locally acceptable level
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dz control
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def: inanimate object, material, or substance that transfers the infx
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fomites
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give examples of vectors.
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animals, insects; malaria, flies
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what are some direct modes of transmission?
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people, bites, sexual activity, droplets; salmonella through ppl who had contact w/oral-fecal
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what are some indirect modes of transmission?
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contaminated food (salmonella), water, air, etc.
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def: carrier of infx
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vector
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def: person-to-person spread through one or more routes
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horizontal transmission
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def: type of immunity that is temporary resistance that has been passed through plasma proteins, IG, antitoxins, maternal antibodies
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passive immunity
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def: the human or animal incubating the agent
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host
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Name the chain of transmission.
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infx agent
reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry host susceptibility |
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def: how strong the infx organism to cause high morbidity and mortality
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virulence
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which type of immunity is temporary and will need more with each exposure?
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passive immunity
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what type of immunity occurs when an individual has been infected w/dz and develops an immunity to the infx
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natural immmunity (innate response)
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what are the 2 types of acquired immunity?
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active and passive
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what is an acquired immunity?
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immunity developed thru vaccincation or exposure.
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def: type of transmission that's passed on from parent to child via placenta, milk, or contact w/vaginal canal at birth.
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vertical transmission
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Name some examples of vertical transmission.
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syphilis, HIV, hep B from breastmilk or birth, rubella
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def: a state which those not immune to an infx agent will be safe if certain proportion of population has been vaccinated or immune.
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herd immunity
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def: immune system does not produce adequate antibody response after vaccination
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primary vaccine failure
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Why is spread of dz lower in herd immunity?
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the infx dz can't live if most of the population is immuned because they aren't vulnerable to those infections. The more immuned, the less spread, and only a few will be infected.
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def: vaccines need to be kept at a designated temp from time of manufacture until administration
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cold chain
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def: pts being sensitive to the preservatives, antibodies, and other components of the vaccine
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reactions
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Who would vaccines be contraindicated in?
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sick or ill, pregnant, immunocompromised
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def: initial response is adequate, but antibodies drop faster than expected
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secondary vaccine failure (such as in immunocompromised)
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What are some s&s for TB?
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wt loss, coughing, fatigue, hemoptysis, night sweats, fever
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what is the tx for latent tb?
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isoniazid/INH for 9 months and rifampin for 4 months
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what are the side effects of rifampin?
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orange-red secretions
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What type of allergy would make you allergic to the flu vaccine?
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eggs
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what are the routes for horizontal transmission?
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direct/indirect contact, food, water, blood, airborne, vectorborne, STDs
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which program covers people age 65 and over and the permanently disabled?
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Medicare
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which program makes sure that you still have insurance if you lose your job?
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HIPAA
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Which insurance is the most restrictive on consumer choice?
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HMO
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which program was founded to promote prenatal care and home visits to mothers and children
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Child's Bureau Act
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which program covers the poor and medically needy of all ages?
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medicaid
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