Community Exam #1 Review

Front 1

What is the role of the pubic health nurse?

a. solve community problems.
b. is part of law enforcement
c. participate with local regulators
d. empower people/populations to address health issues locally and/or globally
e. c & d

Back 1

E. The public health nurse participate with local regulators to protect communities and mpower people/populations to address health issues locally and/or globally

The public health nurse does not "solve" problems, but would identify them and is not part of law enforcement.

Front 2

Fill in the blank:

___________ is best defined as a collection of individuals who share at least one common characteristic.

Back 2

Population

Front 3

__________ refers to a defined population made up of individuals in communities of a specific geographic region

Back 3

Aggregate

Front 4

all people with Alzheimer's Disease in the US is an example of?

Back 4

a population and is an aggregate group.

Front 5

Making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available defines the core public health function of _________.

Back 5

Assurance.

Front 6

What are the core functions of public health? Select all that apply
a. policy development
b. Assessment
c. Scientfic/evidence-based care.
d. Assurance

Back 6

All of them: policy development, assessment, scientfic/evidence-based care, & assurance

Front 7

What is the necessary basic preparation to function as a beginning staff public health nurse?

Back 7

BSN

Front 8

Purposes of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention?

Back 8

Primary = prevent disease
secondary = screening for potential disease
tertiary = services for those already diagnosed with the disease and living with it.

Front 9

Which of the following helps differentiate community health nursing from public health nursing? Select all that applies.
a. delivery of personal health services to individuals, families, and groups.
b. is population-focused
c. provide tertiary care either in the community setting or at home.
d. requires a public health nursing of BSN.

Back 9

Community nurses practices include:
a. delivery of personal health services to individuals, families, and groups. AND
b. provide tertiary care either in the community setting or at home.

B & D = public health nurses

Front 10

a. Why is implementing quality performance standards in public health important? &
b. who/what organization developed these standards?

Back 10

a. because they are used to guide improvements in the public health system.
b. developed by the CDC in 1998

Front 11

What is the primary goal of public health?

Back 11

Concern for the health of many people (populations) and not concerned as much at the level of individual.

Front 12

What does assessment (a core function of public health) include?

Back 12

collecting data and monitoring the health status of the population.

Front 13

Why is policy development (a core function of public health) needed?

Back 13

because it's to provide leadership in developing policies.

Front 14

True/false

The autonomy of practice and independence in problem solving and decision-making are a large part of the appeal of community health nursing.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Who made many contributions to public health? This same person also improved the soldier's health during the Crimean War by adopting a population-based approach that used simple epidemiological measures and greatly decreased mortality.
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Lillian Wald
c. Mary Breckenridge
d. Ruth Freeman

Back 15

Florence Nightingale

Front 16

Who is the first public health nurse in the U.S. that is known for her establishment of the Henry Street Settlements?
Who made man contributions to public health? This same person also improved the soldier's health during the Crimean War by adopting a population-based approach that used simple epidemiological measures and greatly decreased mortality.
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Lillian Wald
c. Mary Breckenridge
d. Ruth Freeman

Back 16

Lillian Wald

Front 17

Who is the first school nurse that was known for focusing on investigating causes of absenteeism?

a. Florence Nightingale
b. Lillian Wald
c. Mary Breckenridge
d. Ruth Freeman
e. Lina Rogers

Back 17

Lina Rogers

Front 18

What is the mission of National Organization for Public Health Nursing's mission?

Back 18

improve the educational and services standards of the public health nurse and promote public understanding.

The National Organization for Public Health sought to standardize public health nursing.

Front 19

This person developed health programs geared toward improving the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian regions of southern Kentucky; and also is the founder of Frontier?
Who made man contributions to public health? This same person also improved the soldier's health during the Crimean War by adopting a population-based approach that used simple epidemiological measures and greatly decreased mortality.
a. Florence Nightingale
b. Lillian Wald
c. Mary Breckenridge
d. Ruth Freeman
e. Lina Rogers

Back 19

Mary Breckenridge

Front 20

What made certificate and graduate education more difficult to obtain for African-American nurses before the 1960s?

Back 20

Segregation (as it existed until the 1960s)

Front 21

What are the leading causes of mortality between 1900-1955?
a. Pneumonia, TB, and diarrhea/enteritis
b. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease
c. Pneumonia, heart disease, cancer, and diarrhea/enteritis.
d. TB, heart disease, cancer, & cerebrovascular disease.

Back 21

a. Pneumonia, TB, and diarrhea/enteritis

Front 22

What are the leading causes of mortality by mid-century?
a. Pneumonia, TB, and diarrhea/enteritis
b. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease
c. Pneumonia, heart disease, cancer, and diarrhea/enteritis.
d. TB, heart disease, cancer, & cerebrovascular disease.

Back 22

b. Heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease

Front 23

What became the new challenges for nurses in the mid-century?

Back 23

Chronic illness care, long-term illness and disability, & disease prevention.

Front 24

Who was the leading public health educator, administrator, consultant, author, and leader of the National Health Organization of the 20th century?

a. Ruth Freeman
b. Lina Rogers
c. Lillian Wald
d. Florence Nightingale

Back 24

Ruth Freeman

Front 25

Providing health care to seamen was an early effort by the federal government to improve public health. What was its purpose?

Back 25

to secure its maritime trade and protect seacoast ports and cities from epidemics.

Front 26

An intervention by the U.S. federal government to protect the health of its citizens was the establishment of the Marine Hospital Service, presently known as__________?

Back 26

The Public Health Service.

Front 27

Fill in the blank:

The ___________________ nurses were trained in nursing public health and midwifery and provided care to rural and inaccessible areas, which lead to reduced mortality.

Back 27

Frontier Nursing Service.

Front 28

The __________________ sponsored a conference on primary health at Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978.

Back 28

World Health Organization (WHO)

Front 29

What was the main focus of the conference at Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978?

Back 29

The main focus was on the worldwide implementation of primary health.

Front 30

_____________ is a holistic approach that considers the total health system and focuses on the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on the health of populations.

Back 30

Population health

Front 31

What are some examples of determinants of population health?

Back 31

- income and social factors
- social support networks
- education
- employment
- healthy child development

Front 32

_____________ are those that receive funding from multiple governmental and non-government sources.

Back 32

Multilateral organizations

Front 33

What is global health related to?

Back 33

economic, industrial, & technological development

Front 34

What is the reason for less than-satisfactory results of the introduction of health care technology into lesser-developed countries?

Back 34

because there is often a lack of qualified people to carry out routine maintenance for the technological systems.

Front 35

__________ is defined as the intentional use of a pathogen or biological product to cause harm to human, animal, plant, or living organisms to influence or intimidate the conduct of a government and cause harm to other people.

Back 35

Bio-terrorism

Front 36

What do the CDC considers as 3 biological agents of highest concern?

Back 36

Smallpox, anthrax, & plague.

Front 37

_____________ comprises those aspects of human health affecting quality of life that are determined by biological, chemical, and social and psychological problems in the environment.

Back 37

Environmental health

Front 38

What is the nurse's role in environmental health?

Back 38

nurses should be able to assess, eliminate/reduce, educate, and advocate for policies that support health environments.

Front 39

What are concerns for professional nurses in environmental health?

Back 39

Potential risks to health

Front 40

What are often found in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the products we use?

Back 40

chemical, biological, and radiological pollutants.

Front 41

What are the routes by which pollutants enter the body?

Back 41

GI tract, lungs, the skin, and the placental barrier.

Front 42

What does the epidemiologic triangle consist of?

Back 42

Agent (e.g. chemical), host (e.g. community consisting of several variants), and environment (air, water, soil, etc.)

Front 43

____________ is the study of the health effects associated with chemical exposures.

Back 43

toxicology

Front 44

What is "Rule of Seven"?

Back 44

Native American cultures' central concept that they follow in regard to the environment - "What will be the effect of this decision on the seventh generation?"

Front 45

True/false:

Native Americans believe that humans are stewards, not proprietors, of the land.

Back 45

True

Front 46

The measure of morbidity often used in infectious disease investigations is known as?

Back 46

Attack rate

Front 47

True/false:

Attack rates are often specific to an exposure.

Back 47

True

Attack rates are often specific to an exposure, e.g. food-specific attack rates.

Front 48

What are key epidemiologic indicators to nurses?

Back 48

mortality rates

Front 49

Which of the following reflect serious health problems and changing patterns of disease?
a. Attack rate.
b. Mortality rates
c. Epidemiolgic triangle
d. Incidence rate

Back 49

mortality rate

Front 50

True/False

Mortality rate provide direct info about the level of existing disease or the risk of getting a particular disease.

Back 50

False.

Mortality rates are informative only for fatal diseases and do NOT provide direct info about the level of existing disease or the risk of getting a particular disease.

Front 51

(a)_____________ (descriptive/analytic) epidemiology seeks to describe a disease entity according to person, place, and time. (b)_____________ (descriptive/analytic) epidemiology is directed toward understanding the etiology of the disease and attempts to identify the determinants of disease in individuals.

Back 51

a. Descriptive.
b. Analytic

Front 52

What can be the determinants of epidemiology?

Back 52

individual, relational, or social, communal, or environmental.

Front 53

The measure of the frequency of a health event in a "defined population in a specified period of time" is a?

Back 53

Rate

Front 54

True/False

A rate is a ratio, but is it NOT a proportion

Back 54

True (because the denominator is a function of both the population size and the dimension of time while the numerator is the number of events.

Front 55

What is the probability of an event that will occur within a specified period of time defined as?

Back 55

Risk

Front 56

The number of new cases development in a population at risk during a specified period is called?

Back 56

incidence rate

Front 57

What is the function of epidemiology?

Back 57

- monitor the health of populations
- understands determinants o health and disease in communities
- investigates and evaluates interventions to prevent disease and maintain health.

Front 58

True/false:

incidence quantifies the rate of development of new cases in a population at risk.

Back 58

True

Front 59

The rate of disease, injury, or other condition that exceeds the usual level of that condition is known as?

Back 59

an epidemic

Front 60

What is the rate that best indicates the proportion of people exposed to an agent who develop the disease?

Back 60

attack rate (it's often used in infectious disease investigations)

Front 61

________ refers to the test accurately identifying those WITHOUT the trait.

Back 61

Specificity.

Front 62

______________ obtained through vital records, such as birth and death certificates, are an example of a category of data sources commonly used in epidemiologic investigations.

Back 62

Routinely collected data.

Front 63

What is the most important predictor of overall mortality?

Back 63

Age

Front 64

One temporal and spatial pattern of disease distribution is the ____________.

Back 64

Point epidemic.

Front 65

What is one example of a point epidemic?

Back 65

An outbreak of a GI illness from a food-borne pathogen

Front 66

What type of study is used to describe a group of persons enrolled in a study that share some characteristic of interest and are followed over a period of time to observe some health outcome?

Back 66

Cohort study

Front 67

Which type of study uses information on current health status, personal characteristics, and potential risk factors or exposures all at once?

Back 67

Cross-sectional study

Front 68

A ______________ is similar to clinical trials, but the issue is often health promotion and disease prevention rather than Tx of existing disease.

Back 68

Community trial

Front 69

What were the forerunner of evidence-based nursing practice?

Back 69

Research utilization projects in the 1970s - had provided a guide to clinical practice and were the forerunner of evidence-based nursing practice

Front 70

Which/what type of study is considered to provide the highest level of evidence?

Back 70

randomized controlled trials

Front 71

Which randomized controlled trial generally provides the highest level of evidence?
a. Double blind
b. Single blind
c. Non-blinded

Back 71

a. Double blind randomized controlled trial generally provides the highest level of evidence, followed by other randomized controlled trials.

Front 72

Blinding is one of the important variables that help determine the quality of evidence. What is blinding?

Back 72

Blinding refers to a procedure where the researcher or evaluator does not known which participants are in the experimental or control group.

Front 73

_________ refers to a method of identifying, appraising and synthesizing research evidence to evaluate and interpret all available research relevant to a particular research question.

Back 73

Systematic Review

Front 74

___________ serves as a resource for community health nurses as they identify the findings from research that have direct links to population-focused and community-based care.

Back 74

The Information Access Project

Front 75

What is the focus of community development model?

Back 75

focuses on achieving community goals

Front 76

What does a community development model include?

Back 76

includes a true partnership in which power and decision-making are shared between community members and the academic community.