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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T or F: Carrier is a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease.
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True
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Who is the most famous carrier?
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Typhoid Mary
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What is an infectious disease?
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Presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms
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Define pathogenicity.
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ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
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What 3 factors are involved in the chain of infection?
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•Agent
•Host •Environment |
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What elements are added to the epidemiological triad for the the epidemiology of infectious disease process?
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a portal of exit for the infectious agent, a means of transmission, and a portal of entry to a new host.
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What is a carrier?
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•A person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease
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What is colonization?
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•The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
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Define the incubation period.
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•Time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease
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What aspect of the cycle is required for a disease to be communicable?
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Means of transmission
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T or F: an infectious disease is not contagious or communicable?
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False
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What are the examples of Environment/Reservoirs?
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•Humans
•Animals •Plants •Insects •Water •Soil |
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What are mechanisms of transmission?
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•Direct contact
•Indirect contact •Droplets •Airborne transmission |
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T or F: Epidemic is the constant or usual prevalence of a specific
disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. |
False
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What is a common source outbreak?
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an outbreak characterized by
exposure to a common, harmful substance |
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What is a propagated outbreak?
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outbreak resulting from direct or
indirect transmission of an infectious agent from an infected person to a susceptible host; secondary infections can occur |
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Define an endemic.
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he constant or usual prevalence of a specific
disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area |
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What is an epidemic?
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significant increase in the number of new
cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected |
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Who represent the first line of defense against health care associated infections?
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Nurses
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What is surveillance in terms of public health?
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a continual dynamic method for gathering
data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness |
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What are the specific foodborne diseases?
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– Noroviruses
– Campylobacter enteritis – Listeria monocytogenes – Nontyphoid Salmonella – Escherichia coli O157:H7 |
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what makes a person at high risk for STI's?
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–Have multiple sexual partners
–Do not use a condom during sex –Have other STDs –Have a sexual partner who has had an STD |
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Which country has the highest rates of STD's?
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US
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What are the factors that increase a woman's risk for chlamydia?
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•Are 24 years of age or younger and are sexually active
•Have previously had chlamydia or another sexually transmitted infection •Have new or multiple sexual partners •Do not use condoms regularly •Exchange sex for money or drugs |
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T or F: The CDC reports indicate that more than one-fourth of
new HIV cases were heterosexually acquired. |
False: 1/3rd is the correct answer.
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What are the examples of STI's?
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•Chlamydia
•Gonorrhea •Syphilis •Human immunodeficiency virus •Herpes simplex virus •Human papillomavirus (HPV) •Hepatitis B virus |
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What is an emerging infectious disease?
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•A newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease, or the reappearance (or reemergence) of a known infectious disease after its decline with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or in a specific population.
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What is the epidemiological triad?
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•A change in the behavior of humans—the host
•A change in the behavior of the microbes—the agent •A change in the environment |
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Define Herd Immunity.
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type of immunity in which a large proportion of people in a population are not susceptible to a communicable disease and the few people who are susceptible will not be likely to be exposed and contract the illness
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What is DOT?
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Directly observed Therapy: nurse goes to the patients home and watches them take their meds.
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When is the golden age of antibiotics?
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1960's
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When was penicillin founded?
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1928 by alexander flemming
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How does a microbe become resistant?
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*Microbe has intrinsic mechanism to resist effect of the antibiotic
*Genetic mutation of the organism *Genetic exchange with other organisms |
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What is Antigenic drift?
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the slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts, causes changes in influenza viruses each year
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What is antigenic shift?
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occurs when there is a sudden change in the DNA and RNA resulting in a new strain of the microorganism and people have little or no acquired immunity.
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Does resistance happen only in bacteria?
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No also in viruses
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Where does microbial resistance occur?
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*Health care settings
*--hospitals *--long term care *Community settings *--prisons *--sports *--schools *--military barracks |
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How does microbial resistance occur?
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*Health care—
Very ill people in close proximity HCPs go between people *Community— Patients leave hospitals with infections Persons infected in families, work sites, schools, child care centers—close contact direct and indirect infection Chronically ill more susceptible—cancer, DM II, HIV Antibiotics/resistant bacteria in animal manure airborne |
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What are the common resistant organisms?
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*S. pneumoniae—causes meningitis and pneumonia
*S. pyogenes—strep throat *S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, M.catarrhalis—AOM *MRSA—skin, soft tissue infections *P. falciparum—malaria *VRE |
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List the major problems of resistance?
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*Treatment failure death
*Alternative drugs often more costly and toxic *Alternative drugs may not be available in the developing world *Some are carriers only no precaution taken infect others |
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What are the behavioral factors of microbial resistance?
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*Hygiene
*Infection control in health and community settings *Self-treatment with antibiotics, especially among immigrants, developing countries *Prescribing practices *Antibacterial hand soap—to use or not to use? *Vaccination |
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What are the environmental/policy factors that can cause microbial resistance?
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*Animals, water supply, soil
*Disincentives to produce new antibiotics *Develop more vaccines against common antibiotic resistant bacteria *Develop tests to distinguish between bacteria and viruses/fungi for provider use |
