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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is Descriptive Epidemiology
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This investigative method provides insights, data and information on the course or pattern of disease conditions in groups or populations. (describes frequencies and distribution)
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what is Analytic Epidemiology
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It identifies associations between particular disease or health problem and its aetiology. It’s the how and why of health and disease. (Cause-effect)
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what is Demography
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Is the statistical study of human populations with reference to size and density, distribution and vital statistics. (description of population characteristics)
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who was Hippocrates
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the founder of medicine
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who was John Graunt:
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developed early human statistical and census methods that later provided a framework for modern demography.
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who was john snow?
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one of the fathers of epidemiology
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what is Primary prevention:
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Is applied to a generally healthy population and precedes disease dysfunction. It is divided into two component areas: 1) general health promotion such as nutrition, hygiene, exercise, and environmental protection; and 2) specific promotion, which includes immunisations and wearing of protective devices to prevent injuries.
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what is Secondary prevention:
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Is the early detection and treatment of adverse health conditions. The goal of this level of prevention is to detect and treat a problem at the earliest possible stage when disease or impairment already exists. I.e. mammograms
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what is Tertiary prevention:
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Is employed after diseases or events have already resulted in damage. The aim is to restore the affected people to their maximum possible capacities. I.e. meals on wheels, physiotherapy, mental health counselling for rape victims.
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what is Incidence rate?
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the number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time
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what is Prevalence rate?
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Refers to the total number of people in the population who have condition at a particular time. It may be calculated in a cross sectional (slice of time) or retrospective (backward-looking) study.
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what is proportionate mortality rate
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the total number of deaths from all causes. For example the PMR of heart disease is 37% this indicates that 37% of all deaths , regardless of age, gender etc can be ascribed to disease of the heart.
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what is Crude rates
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Rates that are computed for the population as a whole
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Specific rates
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frequently calculated based on demographic factors such as age, race and gender
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Adjusted rates
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: It is a summary measure that statistically removes the effect of the difference in the distributions of that characteristic
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what are Vital statistics
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Data that describes legally registered events such as births, deaths, marriages and divorces.
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what is Sensitivity
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is the ability of a test to correctly identify people who have the disease (to call a true positive positive) A test with high sensitivity will have few false negatives.
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what is Specificity
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is the ability to correctly identify people who do not have the disease or to call a true negative negative. A test with high specificity has few false positives.
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what health things do the Federal government fund?
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• Tax is used to fund Medicare, PBS, 30% Private Health Insurance.
• The Aus government fund Aged Care Facilities, Specialist Doctors, General Practitioners, Pharmacists, public health services. |
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what responsibilities do the state government have for health?
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• Manage public hospitals, public health services and community health services
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what responsibilities do the local government have for health?
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• The local government also manages public health services.
• Responsible for some regulation of food, water, and waste disposal services. Which are funding through rates. |
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What are the national health priorities? Why are these important to identify?
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• Cancer control
• Injury prevention and control • Cardiovascular health • Diabetes mellitus • Mental health • Asthma • Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions These national health priorities attract additional funding to establish specialist services and facilities, research and the implementation of preventative rehab programs. |
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What role do community nurses have in promoting the health of Australians?
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The Community Health Nurse works with other members of the Community Health Team and the general public to plan and deliver services that promote and maintain the health, safety, independence and well being of Australians living in the community.
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name a national strategy for mens health? and what does this strategy do?
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Problems with men's health, isolation, loneliness and depression are looming as major health issues for men. Men's sheds can play a significant and practical role in addressing these and other men's issues. Men’s sheds can help connect men with their communities and mainstream society and at the same time act as a catalyst in stimulating their community's economic activities.
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name some characteristics of the ecological perspective for health?
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• Different dimensions of well-being are related to the socio-physical environment.
• Individual and community well-being are dependent upon multiple aspects of the environment. • health is an outcome of the quality of the person-environment fit. • the physical and social environments are interdependent |
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what are some ways to ensure an effective community health program?
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• Effective partnership
• Active community participation • Community ownership • Continual relationship building |
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Empowerment through participation has 3 essential components in order for community transformations to occur. what are these?
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1. Participation is an active process not a process in which one group imposes its values on the community, but a process of mutuality in which all have a voice. Active process
2. Participation involves choice; implying that people have the right and the power to make decisions that affect their lives. Choice 3. The decisions must have the possibility of being effective. Effective Participation |
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What is self-transcendence?
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the desire to improve and better ourselves. The process of going beyond our current limitations
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what are the four characteristics of an empowered community, as conceptualised by Paulo Freires
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1. Faith in people
2. Trust established through dialogue 3. hope in positive transformations benefiting the community as a whole 4. discussions grounded in critical thinking without fear of repercussions by those who are in power |
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define right relationships
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as any pattern of organisation within the system that supports, encourages, allows, or generates actualisation and self-transcendence –at any and all levels’
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what is paternalisilism?
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where the nurse makes decisions on behalf of the
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what is Contractualism
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where patient and healthcare professional share in determining the options for that person.
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what is Consumerism
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ie plastic surgery where the pt has authority
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what is Catalyst
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the role of the nurse is to provide the spark initiate change, as desired and needed by the community and on the communities terms.
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what is the popular sector
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The popular sector is made up of informal healing relationships that occur within ones own social network.
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what is The traditional/ folk sector:
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Is when their culture provides a cause, diagnosis, preventive measures and regimens of healing.
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The professional Sector:
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: Is made up of health professionals who are formally educated and legally sanctioned. Unlike the popular and traditional/ folk sectors, the patient and the health providers may differ in their social and cultural values and beliefs.
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give 3 examples of healthy public policy
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seat belts, no smoking campaigns, healthy school canteen policy
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how would you implement a healthy city
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• I would organise a community garden
• I would talk with community members and planners to better plan future development so that people were encouraged to undertake physical activities outside and reduce the use of cars • Unhealthy urban design= car friendly |
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what is healthy public policy?
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concerned with creating a healthy society, following an appropriate technological approach to health, being holistic and future oriented and questioning the givens about how society could be structured to promote health.
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What are potential ways that the community nurse can promote healthy public policy development?
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• Provide rationales that are evidence based
• Identify goals • Create interventions to meet those goals • Raise community consciousness through high profile campaigning |
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Describe the impact of the healthy cities initiatives that you are familiar with?
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Australian Diabetes Council - Beat It! Physical Activity and Lifestyle Program - The Beat It program is an evidence-based exercise and lifestyle education/modification program that consists of twice weekly physical activity training plus fortnightly lifestyle education and nutrition sessions. This safe and effective group based, semi structured program is suitable for adults with or at risk of chronic diseases or with conditions such as obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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How do social health determinants impact on individual and community health?
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"societal risk conditions", that either increase or decrease the risk for a disease.
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what are the 5 stages of the battyes model of environmental scanning
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phase 1- initial assessment
phase 2 decision and engagement phase 3 environmental scan analysis and strategic issues phase 4 presenting options and selecting the most appropriate phase 5- action, monitoring and evaluation |
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Name the sources of data that need to be included in the desktop analysis?
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-Previous research about the area you are interested in
- ABS - Research papers |
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what is Thematic Analysis
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is defined as ‘a method for identifying themes, essences or patterns within the text. In this case, text refers to the selection of words with which you are working. The outcome from thematic analysis can be summary statements and inferences that are underpinned by evidence from data.
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what is planned change?
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a process of well thought-out actions to make something happen. All efforts are directed and targeted to produce change.
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what are Lewin’s stages of planned change?
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1-unfreezing stage
2- moving stage 3-refreezing |
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what happens during the unfreezing stage?
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the client system ie the organisation, community or at risk population becomes aware of a problem and the need for change. Then the problem is identified and solutions to the problem are identified.
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what happens during the moving stage?
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change actually occurs, the problem is clarified and the program for solving the problem is planned in detail and begun.
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what happens during the refreezing stage?
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-implementation of the plan
-stabilization of the situation |
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what are the for aspects of a community action plan?
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aim, goals activities, learning outcomes and timeline
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What are the three categories of older abuse?
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1. Domestic- Older person abuse refers to maltreatment of an older person residing in his or her home or the home of a caregiver.
2. Intitutional- Abuse occurs in residential facilities. 3. Self neglect- by older people living alone, may threaten their safety or health. |
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Why are older peoples wellbeing an area for policy prioritisation?
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Because the composition of the Australian population has changed markedly over time. There is now a lower proportion of younger Australians as a result of declining fertility rate and a higher proportion of older Australians due to increased life expectancy.
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Identify a health promotion program that is directed at older people. Explain why the program is directed at older people and what outcomes are expected.
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National Eye Health Initiative Vision for Older People Project. The aim is to identify those with vision loss or poor eye health and those at risk of falls due to vision loss. It is directed at older people because as you age your eye sight deteriorates. 1/3 of people over 65 have vision impairment.
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name some factors that may contribute to mental health
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social factors
political factors economic factors personal coping styles and choices |
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what are the three factors found to be associated with mental health
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resilience, community connectedness and supportive environments
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what is Primary homelessness
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People without conventional accommodation such as those
who 'sleep out' or use derelict buildings, cars and railway stations for shelter. |
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Secondary homelessness
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People who frequently move from temporary accommodation
such as emergency accommodation, refuges and temporary shelters. People may use boarding houses or family accommodation just on a temporary basis. |
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Tertiary homelessness.
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People who live in rooming houses, boarding houses medium
or long term, where they do not have their own bathroom and kitchen facilities and tenure is not secured by a lease. |
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Marginally housed.-
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People in housing situations close to the minimum standard
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what is a brief intervention?
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A brief intervention is defined as 'a treatment
strategy in which a short structured therapy is offered (between 5 min and 2 h), on one occasion or spread over several visits. It is aimed at helping a person to reduce or stop substance use' |
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what is the primary aim of nursing care for those who are homeless
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should be to support
the individuals in developing self-efficacy and confidence, as this will enable them to identify their individual health needs and have the confidence to accept health care. |
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what are the three levels of racisim?
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1. Institutional- where unequal access to determinants necessary for optimal health, choice and access to services are evident.
2. Interpersonal- where prejudices arising from assumptions about the group to which people belong, and discrimination in actions taken towards them according to those prejudices are manifested. 3. Internalised- Where members of a group believe the inferiority conveyed in the prejudices, discrimination and negative messages of others; which is reinforced by their difficulty accessing the necessary resources and services they require. |
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what are some strategies for working effectively with indig people?
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1. Ensure that your attitude when working with indig people is genuine, non-judgmental and welcoming.
2 understand the key aspects of the worldview of the indig community you are working with, and how these may differ from mainstream health approaches. |
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what is a migrant?
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One that moves from one region to another by chance, instinct, or plan.
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what is a Refugee?
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One who flees in search of refuge, as in times of war, political oppression, or religious persecution. And cannot return to their country due to a well founded fear of prosecution because of their race, religion, nationality membership of a particular group or political opinion.
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what is an Asylum Seeker
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An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee.
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what are the phases of adaption?
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• The acute phase begins with arrival in the new country. Communicable diseases e.g tuberculosis, parasitism and hep B are of particular concern to health officials. The new arrivals themselves may be more concerned about chronic symptomatic health problems. Mental health problems are seldom identified by either the new arrivals or by health officials. Often, these early days are characterised by hope and high energy.
• The transition phase is characterised by the emergence of secondary or hidden chronic health needs once the initial and more acute health needs are met. Eg diabetes hypertension. • The Chronic phase is the negative outcome of the refugee or migrant experience. Long term sequelae of hypertension, diabetes and chronic illnesses begin to emerge with concomitant morbidity and mortality. People with untreated mental illness drift into individual or even community seclusion and often turn to alcoholism or drug abuse. Family breakup might also occur. • The resolution phase is the positive outcome of the refugee or migrant experience. When resolution occurs, individuals and families have access to health care and other essential resources. Physical, social, educational, mental, and spiritual needs are met to approx the same extent they are met in other segments of the population. |
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Emotional adjustment phases what are they
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The Honeymoon phase when there is a sense of adventure and freedom
The disintegration phase when there is an awareness of differences; the person may experience disorientation, depression, loneliness and withdrawal The reintegration phase Is when differences are rejected; the person may feel frustrated, anxious and preoccupied but self-esteem grows. The autonomous phase is the phase when the persons confidence grows; they feel more in control and independent. The Interdependence phase is the phase when cultural differences are celebrated the person becomes productive and feels a sense of responsibility and feels a sense of responsibility within the new country. |
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what may impact on nursing practice when working in rural ?
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• Work beliefs and health
• Isolation and distance • Self reliance and resilience • Lack of anonymity • Insider/outsider and old-time designation |
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what are two types of health promotion for employees
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1. Awareness programs that increase the employees level of knowledge and interest (e.g fliers, seminars and newsletters)
2. Behaviour change activities that help participants develop healthier behaviours eg smoking cessation, regular exercise and healthy nutrition |
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what is Prochaskas model of change:
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Pre-Contemplation Stage –
In this stage, people are not really interested in participating in behavior change to reduce risk factors and will defend their current behavior in the face of efforts to encourage change. Contemplation Stage – People in the contemplation stage are likely to respond positively to information about the need to change, and are more likely to utilize educational interventions, and feel an emotional impetus to modify their behaviors. Preparation Stage – People in this stage may be experimenting with small changes in their behavior. They have probably resolved to make a serious attempt at real change within the near future. These people will likely respond well to structured programs that can help get them to the next level. Action Stage – People in this stage are engaged in a new, healthy behavior. This is a difficult time due to temptation and the chances of reverting to old behaviors since it hasn’t been all that long. They are open to receiving help to prevent relapse and to further build their confidence that they can succeed. Maintenance Stage – In this stage, people have made changes and maintained them successfully for several months. There may still be occasional slip-ups and temptation for the old behaviors, but by this stage people are more confident, know how to control their urges Politically correct pam |
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what are the three characteristics of chronic health conditions
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Progressive
The health condition worsens or becomes more severe over time and the time period may be over an entire life span or major portions of time. Irreversible The condition is not curable. The damage that results from the condition cannot be corrected. Complex The chronic condition may involve multiple systems. Ie depression is a frequent sequel of chronic health conditions. |
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what is chronic sorrow?
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Is sadness without an end and comprises an accumulation of ongoing losses over time.
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Visibility and stigmatisation
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The more visible a condition the less likely it is to result in stigmatization. Disclosure becomes an issue for the person with an invisible chronic condition.
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what is the International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF)
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Understanding and use of the ICF allows nurses to reconceptualize ‘disability as illness’ and think of it as human experience – one that has social, political and cultural dimensions. ICF takes into account the social aspects of disability and does not see disability only as a 'medical' or 'biological' dysfunction.
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