Communications Weaver

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Components of Communication

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1. Context 2. Sender or Encoder 3. Message 4. Medium 5. Receiver or Decoder 6. Feedback

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Noise

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Anything that interferes with a message being transmitted from a sender to a receiver.

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Channel

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refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel

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Attribution Theory

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Attribution Theory attempts to explain causes of behavior. It attempts to explain the causes of people's behavior and attributing or explaining reasons as to why people behave the way they do.

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Cognitive Theory

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suggest that the focus of the communication discipline should be on the perceptions and interpretations that the communicant brings to a given interactive situation.

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Visualization Techniques

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is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message.

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Rapid Thought

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Processing that involves trying to process the information too quickly.

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Society as Melting pot

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is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" into a harmonious whole with a common culture.

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Transactional Model

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refers to the conceptual model used to explain the human communication process. The first major model for communication came in 1949 by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories[1]

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Shannon Weaver Model

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It embodies the concepts of information source, message, transmitter, signal, channel, noise, receiver, information destination, probability of error, encoding, decoding, information rate, channel capacity, etc.

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Trait Theory

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focus on the relationship between particular personality types and certain sorts of messages. They predict that certain personality traits make you communicate in a certain way.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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is an uncomfortable feeling experienced by individuals when two conflicting ideas (or beliefs) are held simultaneously.

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Accommodation Theory

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says that when humans talk to each other, they tend to change the way they talk to match the way the listener talks.

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Mnemonic Devices

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They are tools for remembering sequences of information, especially for recall in testing situations.

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Social Exchange Theory

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discusses an individual’s outcome to different social interactions by examining the exchange of resources during social interactions.

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Social Constructivist Theory

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is a sociological theory of knowledge that applies the general philosophical constructivism into social settings, wherein groups construct knowledge for one another, collaboratively creating a small culture of shared artifacts with shared meanings.

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Listening

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To pay attention to sound; to hear something with thoughtful attention; to give consideration; to be
alert to catch an unexpected sound.

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Hearing

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To perceive or apprehend by the ear; to gain knowledge of by hearing; to listen to with attention.

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Obstacles to effective Listening

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External: overload, complexity, noise
Internal: preoccupation prejudgment, lack of effort, not recognizing diverse listening styles

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Ethnocentrism

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is the idea or belief that one culture is superior to another.

Read more: Important Factors in Intercultural Communication | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8298776_important-factors-intercultural-communication.html#ixzz2S5t1Uvcf

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Ethics

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Are guidelines that are set in place to handle situations in a professional, civil and appropriate manner.

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Ethical Standards or Principles

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Principles that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness.

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Organizational Culture

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is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions.

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Ageism

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is stereotyping and discriminating against individuals or groups because of their age.

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Culture

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Communication plays an important role in increasing the comfort factor amongst the employees and eventually a healthy culture at the workplace.

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Anxiety

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a state of your mind.

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Co-Cultures

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A group that has little or no say in creating the dominant structure of society

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Relativism

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is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

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Sexism

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is discrimination or devaluation based on a person's sex

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Diversity

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encounter a variety of cultural and lifestyle differences among those with whom you work.

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Self Concept and Self Esteem

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is how you think about and value yourself.

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Perceived, Presenting and Ideal Self

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is the person you want to be.

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Reflected Appraisal

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is considered one of the influences on the development of self-concept. The term refers to a process where we imagine how other people see us.

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Sense of self

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in regard to communication, is the evaluative element of the perception of oneself. It is self-appraisal, your perception of self-worth, attractiveness, and social competence.

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Perception Process

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1. Stage One: Selecting sensations for our awareness.

2. Stage Two: Assembling stimuli into convenient and efficient patterns.

3. Stage Three: Assigning meaning to what we have observed.

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Physical Constructs

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emphasize people's appearance, causing us to notice objective characteristics such as person's height, age, ethnicity, or body shape, and subjective characteristics such as person's physical attractiveness.

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Stereotypes

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occurs when a person classifies a person or group or people based on oversimplified notions, conceptions or beliefs.

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Facilitative and Debilitative Emotions

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Facilitative Emotions contribute to effective situations.
Debilitative Emotions detract from them.

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Win-Win Problem Solving

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both parties should feel positive about the negotiation once it's over.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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It can be represented as a pyramid with 5 levels. Top of the pyramid represents the person who has reached his or her full potential or as what Maslow calls it, "Self Actualization." In order to achieve this level of "Self Actualization," you will need to fulfill all the levels.

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Self Disclosure

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is the activity through which an individual would tell the other people about the things that would never have been discussed with others.

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Open and Closed self Concept

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Open systems refer to systems that interact with other systems or the outside environment, whereas closed systems refer to systems having relatively little interaction with other systems or the outside environment.
A watch is an example of a closed system in that it is a relatively self-contained, self-maintaining unit that has little interacts or exchange with its environment.

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Johari Window

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is a technique created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955[1] in the United States, used to help people better understand their relationship with self and others.

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Open, Blind, and Closed Communicator

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The closed communicator rarely discloses and rarely seeks feedback.
The blind communicator rarely seeks feedback but discloses excessively.
The open communicator discloses expectations and requests feedback and is generally interested in both people's needs and group productivity.

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Social Comparison

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is that individuals often assess how well they are doing by comparing themselves with others around them. Festinger ( 1954 )

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Perception Checking

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Perception checking refers to a process also known as "echoing," where one person repeats back what they understand the other to have meant.

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Nonlistening

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in which someone only pretends to listen when they really are not. Typical non-listening behavior includes smiling and nodding occasionally, and looking directly at the speaker.

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Counterfeit emotions

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Communication that seems to express feelings but doesn't actually describe what a person is feeling.

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Communication Climates

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is the invisible concept of how communications are conducted within a workplace environment.

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Self fulfilling Prophecy

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is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

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Group Communication

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Group communication refers to communication between 3 or more individuals. Small group communication includes numbers from 3 to about 20 people, and large group communication includes numbers larger than that (i.e., a lecture hall of 300 students or a theatrical production with an audience of 3,000).

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Stages of Group Development

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1. Forming: The group comes together and gets to initially know one other and form as a group.

2. Storming: A chaotic vying for leadership and trialling of group processes

3. Norming: Eventually agreement is reached on how the group operates (norming)

4. Performing: The group practices its craft and becomes effective in meeting its objectives.

Tuckman added a 5th stage 10 years later:

5. Adjourning: The process of "unforming" the group, that is, letting go of the group structure and moving on.

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Patterns of Group Interaction

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are modes of communication that we use frequently in certain situations or with certain people. Some patterns may be prevalent, that is, appearing in most communications regardless of the situation, while many are situation-specific, that is, used with certain people (friends, spouse, children, boss) or in certain situations (at work, in conflict, in fear).
Communication patterns can include all of the following and much more:
· Apologising frequently
· Self-criticism (eg. I'm such an idiot!)
· Criticism of others
· Complaining
· Self-justification (eg. I spoke rudely because she was rude to me.)
· Blaming (eg. If she hadn't forgotten the book, I wouldn't be angry.)
· Peace-making (eg. It's alright. It didn't matter anyway. She didn't mean it.)
· Praising (sincere or false)
· Avoiding
· Judging/labelling (usually begins with "You're…" or "Why are you so …?" or "If only you weren't so…")
· Lecturing
· Listening
· Questioning (really asking to learn, or interrogating)
· Insulting or otherwise trying to intimidate or belittle
· Supporting (eg. You can do it. Of course you're a kind man.)
· Self-disclosing (explaining one's own thoughts, motives, feelings, needs etc)
· Self-concealing (hiding one's true thoughts, feelings, needs, motives etc.)
· Gossiping (talking about others)
· Expressing emotion by yelling, crying, throwing things, banging doors etc.

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70/30 rule in Interviewing

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During the interview, spend 70 percent of your time listening and only 30 percent talking.

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Informational Interview

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is a meeting in which a job seeker asks for career and industry advice rather than employment.

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Visual aids

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Visual aids help your presentation make things happen. Visual aids help you reach your objectives by providing emphasis to whatever is being said. Clear pictures multiply the audience's level of understanding of the material presented, and they should be used to reinforce your message, clarify points, and create excitement.

Visual aids involve your audience and require a change from one activity to another: from hearing to seeing. When you use visual aids, their use tends to encourage gestures and movement on your part. This extra movement reinforces the control that you, the speaker, need over the presentation. The use of visual aids, then, are mutually beneficial to the audience and you.

Visual aids add impact and interest to a presentation. They enable you to appeal to more than one sense at the same time, thereby increasing the audience's understanding and retention level. With pictures, the concepts or ideas you present are no longer simply words - but words plus images. The chart below cites the effectiveness of visual aids on audience retention.