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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
six provisions of relationships
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1. belonging and sense of reliable alliance
2. Emotional integration and stability 3. Opportunity to talk about yourself 4. opportunity to help others 5. provision of physical support 6. reassurance of worth and values |
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social relationships
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the people in these relationships are interchangeable
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personal relationships
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relationships with specified and irreplaceable individuals
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Stuart Sigman
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considered how small talk can keep relationships going
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Relational continuity constructional units (rccu's)
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means of recognizing and recording the fact that the relationship is still continuing even when the partners are not face to face and may be apart from each other.
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perspective units
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provide recognition that an absence is about to begin
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introspective units
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direct indications of a relationships existence during the physical absence of one partner
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retrospective units
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directly signals the end of an absence
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relating
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talking and conducting a relationship
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relationship filtering model
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suggests that people pay attention to a number of different cues used in sequence as they try to form an impression of another person's underlying thought structure
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serial construction of meaning
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deals with how two individuals come to understand and appreciate one another through talk, which reveals their shared experiences and leads to a larger understanding that they use the same frameworks of meaning
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Steps to serial construction of meaning
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1. two people have had the same experience, but don't know it.
2. do they evaluate the experience the same way (equivalence of evaluation)? 3. realizing how another person's mind works, that is similar to yours |
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intrapsychic process
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an individual reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of a relationship and begins to consider the possibility of ending it
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dyadic process
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confronting the partner and openly discussing a problem wit the relationship
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social process
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the person tells the other people in his or her network about the relationship problem, seeking either their help to keep the relationship going or their support for his or her version of why it has to come apart
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grave dressing process
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involves creating the story of why a relationship died and erecting a metaphorical tombstone that summarizes its main points from birth to death
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resurrection process
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deals with the ways people prepare themselves for new relationships after ending an old one
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autonomy-connectedness
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experience the tension b/t autonomy and connectedness and must make choices about how to handle it
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openness-privacy
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you want to share everything with your partner, but also want some privacy
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socialization
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teaching someone about the nature of society and the world
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Rules
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social riles and norms that monitors the way in which life should be carried out
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nuclear family
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the parents and their children. also is a small family subgroup within a larger family conceptual group.
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extended family
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Includes aunts, uncles, in-laws, and many other relatives
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family of origin
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the parents you were born to
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family of descent
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the clan or historical family tree that you branch from
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family of generativity
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the one you may start for yourself
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family of choice
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the group of people that you decide is your true family. also can be though adoption. -no genetic connection-
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blended families
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when parents adopt non genetic offspring, divorce, or remarry other partners
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binuclear family
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two families based on the nuclear form
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single parent families
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families with only one parent. Can happen by choice, preference, or an unwanted outcome.
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systems theory
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something made up of parts but operating as a whole system that can achieve functions that individuals alone cannot and that also creates an environment in which those individuals must exist.
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cybernetics
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the study of systems
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Von Bertalanffy (1950)
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person to suggest the systems theory
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genogram
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the basic family tree structure is embellished with various emotional and historical information that helps both the person and someone else make more sense of the communication that is going on in the family or in the individual than the family structure does alone
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conformity orientation
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the degree to which family communication stresses a climate of homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs
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conversation orientation
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the degree to which families create a climate in which all family members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained interaction about a wide array of topics`
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protective families
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high in conformity and low in conversation
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pluralistic families
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high in conversation and low in conformity
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consensual families
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high in conformity and conversation
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laissez-faire families
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low in both conformity and conversation
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mutually interdependent
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the performance of one influences the success of the total system
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peer culture
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connection with other groups that can influence the way in which family life is experienced
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discourse dependency
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A way in which families frame and represent themselves to one another and to the outside world though their communication
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norms
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the habitual rules for conducting any family activity
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rituals
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particularly formalized ways for handling routines
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authority structure
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someone who makes executive decisions
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bidirectionally hypothesis
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power can work in two directions: parents can control or influence their kids, but power also goes the other way and sometimes kids can control their parents
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tamara Afifi
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discovered that children experienced considerable tension in dealing with communication with their custodial parents on the one hand and their noncustodial parents on the other
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Sandra Petronio
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Said that all families must negotiate quite frequently about privacy and its violation
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boundary management
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managing your boundaries with your family
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privacy management
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managing your boundaries with your family members
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family storytelling
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telling family members stories about their family. helps build a sense of family identity.
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family identity
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individual's connection to the world and image of self
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family narratives
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indicting a family's sense of what it is like in general but also in indicating how it deals with difficult and traumatic experiences
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long distance relationships
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Long distances that come b/t individuals. Happens in families when their children move out or go to school
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kin keeping
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Acting as a reservoir for information about members of the family, and they pass the information to the other members of the network
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introspective units
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reminders given my the NRPs to their children
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prospective units
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Planning future meetings or laying out ideas for future behavior to show interest
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common purpose
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when a group share a goal or common objective
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formal groups
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tasked oriented, general management, formally structured
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advisory group
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task specific, intention of producing an outcome that is focused
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Creative Group
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evaluation of concepts or creation of new products or approaches to complex problems
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Support group
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advising, comforting, and raising information about specific issues
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networking group
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obtaining, building, or sustaining relationships for a purpose
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Tuckman's five stages of group development
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1. forming
2. storming 3. norming 4. performing 5. adjourning |
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Fisher's model of group progression
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1. orientation- get to know one another
2. conflict- group argues about the possible ways to approach a problem and find solutions 3. Emergence- when some daylight of consensus begins to dawn on the argument and reach an agreement 4. reinforcement- the group recognizes that they are coming to an agreement and explicitly consolidates the consensus to complete the task |
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Primary groups
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groups that share close personal relationships
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secondary groups
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those that represent casual and more distant social relationships
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interdependence
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everyone relies on everyone else to do his or her part of the job well, and the team cannot function properly if they don't work interdependently `
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group norms
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established status relationships, values, and sanctions
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group sanctions
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punishments for stepping out of line, speaking out of turn, or failing to accept the ruling of the chair or leader.
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group culture
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expectations of the groups' members
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Leadership
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formal position where a specific person has power over the others in the group
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formal power
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groups designated leader
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informal power
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based on liking, relationships, and communication competence rather than formality
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task leader
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stresses the activity of the group and keeps members on topic
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socioemotional leaders
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pays attention to how everyone feels in the group, ensuring that all members feel comfortable with what happens in the decision making process, get their turn, and are happy with the outcome
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promotive communication
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helps a decision making group achieve its goals by specifying what they are
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disruptive communication
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diverts the group from its goals and takes it down side alleys
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counteractive communication
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gets the group back on track by reminding its members of its purpose
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group history
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a sense of collectivity, and common origin
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group future
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indicates that the members of a group feel they will still be connected and committed in the future
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groupthink
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when members place a higher priority to keeping the process running smoothly rather than voicing their opinion
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hierarchy
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system with people who command and people who obey
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organizations as machines
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organizations as standardized by repetition, specialization, or predictability
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organization as cultures
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shared meaning and the notion of sharing presupposes relationships b/t people
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organization as instruments of domination
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shape and control not only the workers' behavior but even their thought and ideologies
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vocational anticipatory socialization
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the preparation for becoming a worker in the form of socialization that takes place in a child's early life though family interaction and through exposure to the media
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continuation of identity
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imports your normal practices of everyday talk into the workplace
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working identity
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identity you have while you are working/at your job
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professional face
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face you put on to fit in with culture that is appropriate at your workplace
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instrumental goals
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goals at work and the achievement of organizational objectives
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relational goals
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goals that involve intimacy and support
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Essential function of talk
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to front and center your conversations outside the workplace
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Gidden's Structuration Theory
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points to the regularities of human relationships that act as rules and resources drawn on to enable or constrain social interaction.
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duality of structure
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two different ways of creating the same eventual outcome
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sedimentation
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laid down into the organization by the workers' talk and everyday relational practices. The repetitive talk and conversation of the workplace usually drop to the bottom like sediment in a river.
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structurational approach
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serves to create those structures that we see as organizations. Offer a social constructivist and critical approach looking at how people enact and enable or contain future interactions through talk.
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interaction order
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the workplace is understood within a particular sequence and structure for behavior that is particular to the place where it is done
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industrial time
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the time a person is actually counted as being at work therefore is paid for doing such work
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information peer relationships
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low on personal self disclosure, but information about the task is freely and openly discussed
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collegial peer relationships
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individuals at work regard one another as friends and act in all respects in ways indistinguishable from friends outside the workplace; that is, they self-disclose and joke around and arrange to meet outside the workplace for social events
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special peer relationships
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characterized by very high openness, self-disclosure, and intimacy
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civic engagement
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participating in community development, addressing social concerns, and combating injustices
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misconception of civic engagement
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1. social and political struggles are concerns of the past and are no longer relevant
2. participation in such activities is limited to only a few people and does not involve "ordinary" citizens 3. Civic engagement only surrounds major issues of national or international importance 4. civic engagement only involves radical actions or activities such as riots or protest |
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benefits of civic engagement
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1. social change
2. social reinforcement 3. justice 4. personal growth 5. intellectual growth |
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attitudes
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learn predispositions to evaluate something in a positive or negative way that guide thinking and behavior
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beliefs
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what people hold to be true or false, are from like attitudes through your direct experience, as well as through media, public and person relationships, and cultural views of the world
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given belief
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the majority of people in the audience will hold the same perspective of either true or false
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values
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Deeply held and enduring judgments of significance or importance that often provide the basis for both beliefs and attitudes
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speeches to convince
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delivered in an attempt to impact the audience thinking. they encompass a primary claim, essentially, what you are trying to convince your audience to believe
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claim of policy
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maintains that a course of action should or shouldn't be taken
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claim of value
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maintains that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluative criterion
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claim of fact
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maintains that something is true or false
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claim of conjecture
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something is determined to be true or false, contends what will be true or false in the future
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speeches to actuate
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delivered in an attempt to impact audience behavior. you may want members of your audience to join, your cause, volunteer with a charitable organization, etc
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reinforcing an existing behavior
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desire to strengthen audience members' conviction about performing a behavior or continuing to
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altering an existing behavior
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modify an existing behavior, rather than to stop performing it or do a new one
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ceasing an existing behavior
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telling the audience not to do something
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avoiding a future behavior
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attempting to impact an audience in this manner, encouraging your audience to avoid doing something
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ethos
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involves the use of speaker credibility to impact an audience
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pathos
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involves the use of emotional appeals to impact an audience
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logos
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involves the use of logic or reasoning to impact an audience
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inductive reasoning
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deriving a general conclusion based on specific evidence, examples, or instances
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deductive reasoning
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using general conclusions, premises, or principles, to reach a conclusion about specific example or instance
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syllogism
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form of argumentation consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
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major premise
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statement or conclusion of general nature
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minor premise
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more specific statement about a particular instance or example
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conclusion
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the logical connection b/t the major and minor premises
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enthymeme
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Syllogism that excludes one or two of the three components of syllogism
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social judgment theory
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explains how people may respond to a range of positions surrounding a particular topic or issue
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latitude of acceptance
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the range of position that the audience deems acceptable
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anchor position
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represents the preferred or most acceptable position
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latitude of rejection
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those positions that the audience deems unacceptable
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latitude of noncommitment
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positions that the audience neither wholly accepts nor wholly reject
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assimilation effect
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maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of acceptance, you will view it as closer to your anchor position than it really is
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contrast effect
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maintains that if someone advocates a position within your latitude of rejects, you will view it as farther from your anchor position than it really is
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foot in the door technique
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making a small request and then following up with a second, larger request
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self perception theory
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people come to understand their attitudes, beliefs, and values through their actions
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cognitive dissonance theory
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people prefer their actions to be consistent with their attitudes, beliefs, and values because inconsistency elicits negative feelings
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door in the face technique
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involves making a request so large that it will be turned down and then following up with a second, smaller request
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perceptual contrast effect
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maintains that people generally comply with the second request b/c compared to the initial request it appears much smaller
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reciprocal concessions
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maintains that people generally comply with the second request b/c they feel since the person making the request is willing to concede something, they themselves should match the concession and also be willing to concede something
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self presentation
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maintains that people are concerned that other people may view them in a negative light and that complying with the second request might prevent or decrease those negative perceptions
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pregiving technique
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maintains that when a person is given something or offered favors by someone else, that person is more likely to comply with subsequent request
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extended parallel process
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explains the process of fear appeals
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perceived threat
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the extent to which a person believes that he or she is susceptible to the treat and the severity of the the threat
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perceived efficacy
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the extent to which a person believes a recommended course of action will work and whether he or she is capable of performing the recommended action
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compliance gaining
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interpersonal attempts at influence, especially attempts to influence someone's behavior
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identity goals
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recognize that people desire to act in accordance with the personal and relational identities they attempt to transact and/or the personal and relational identities most appropriate in a given situation
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interaction goals
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recognize the desire to act appropriately when attempting to gain compliance
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resource goals
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recognize the desire to maintain relational resources
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arousal goals
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recognize the desire to keep arousal at an acceptable level
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rewarding activities
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seek compliance through positivity
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punishing activities
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seek compliance through negativity
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expertise activities
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seek compliance through perceptions of credibility or wisdom
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activation of impersonal commitments
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seek compliance through the manipulation of internal feelings of obligation and appropriate behavior.
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activation of personal commitments
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seek compliance through appealing to obligations of others
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dominance
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on power dimensions within a relationship
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intimacy
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the relational connection among interactants
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resistance
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anticipated opposition
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relational consequence
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the perceived effects a compliance gaining strategy might have on a relationship
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personal benefit
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on potential personal gain
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rights
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on the degree to which the desired outcome seems justified
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apprehension
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Contextual influence of compliance gaining based on anxiety resulting from the circumstances
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