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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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muted group theory
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A theory suggesting that status and power are clearly linked and that women, ethnic minorities, and outgroups have a little voice and people do not pay attention to them because they lack the power of appropriate language.
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Meaning
(Semantics) |
the study of meaning, or the association of words with ideas, feelings, and contexts.
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Meaning
(Denotative) |
the common meaning associated with a word; the standard dictionary definition.
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Meaning
(Connotative) |
the subjective meaning of a word; what a word suggests because of feelings or associations it evokes.
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how culture affects language use
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Each language has its own grammatical rules, and some seem very strange to new speakers of the language. Language helps us think and
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polarization
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the tendency to view things in terms of extremes.
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pendulum effect
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escalating conflict between two individuals or groups that result from their use of polar terms to describe and defend their perceptions of reality. The pendulum represents a person’s perception of reality, which includes feeling, attitude, opinions and value judgments about the world. When the pendulum is hanging in the center, a person’s perception is considered to be realistic, virtuous, intelligent, sane, honest, and honorable. When two individuals disagree in their perceptions of reality the pendulums begin to move in opposite directions.
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vividness
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active, direct, and fresh language that brings a sense of excitement, urgency, and forcefulness to a message. Tells your audience that they had better listen because what you have to say is important.
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verbal immediacy
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identifies and projects the speaker’s feelings and makes the message more relevant to the listener. It draws listeners in and involves them in the subject at hand.
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how language can be sexist
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There is a difference in how men and women may use language and converse with one another. Men tend to use language to assert status, whereas women use language to establish and maintain social relationships. Sexist language suggests that one gender is more important than and superior to the other. Sexist language creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is better.
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how language can shape attitudes
(Indiscrimination) |
the neglect of individual differences and overemphasis of similarities. Language plays a significant role in our tendency to see similarities between things, even when they don’t exist. Statements such as “Politicians are crooks” and “Students cheat in school” may be interpreted to include all politicians and all students, instead of some politicians and some students.
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how language can shape attitudes
(Indexing) |
points up differences that distinguish various members of a group and reduces indiscrimination.
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how language can shape attitudes
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Dating is another technique for reducing indiscrimination, is a form of indexing that sorts people, ideas, events, and objects according to time.
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bypassing
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a misunderstanding that occurs between a sender and a receiver.
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goal of informative versus persuasive speeches
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• An informative speech is meant to increase knowledge
• A persuasive speech is meant to alter attitudes and behavior • A speech can inform without persuading • A speech cannot persuade without informing |
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topics for informative speeches
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Choose topics that:
• Allow you to convey an important thought or action • Are familiar and interesting to you • Are important to you • Your audience will find interesting - You can develop within the time limit |
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how to gain and maintain audience attention
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• Generate a need for the information
• Create information relevance • Proved a fresh perspective |
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how to increase understanding of topic
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• Organize your presentation
- Plan for repetition - Use advance organizers • Choose language carefully - Use concrete words - Use description • Use definitions - Show contrasts - Use synonyms - Use antonyms - Use etymologies |
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types of definitions
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• Contrast definition is used to show or emphasize differences
• A synonym is a word, phrase, or concept that has exactly the same or nearly the same meaning as another word, term, or concept. • An antonym is a word, phrase, or concept that has the opposite meaning of another word. • An etymology is a form of definition that traces the origin and development of a world. |
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how to avoid assumptions
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• Analyze your audience
• Adapt to their level of knowledge |
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Questions of fact
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asks what is true and what is false.
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Question of value
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asks whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
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Question of policy
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goes beyond seeking judgmental responses to seeking courses of action. A question of policy asks whether something should or should not be done.
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Toulmin model
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argument involves three basic parts: claim, data, and warrant. The claim is what the persuader wants or hopes will be believed, accepted, or done. Claims require evidence that should influence the listener to accept the claim. The persuader must explain the relation ship between the claim and the data, which is referred to as the warrant.
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when to present one or both sides of issue
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• This depends on your audience. If your listeners basically support your position, then presenting one side may be sufficient. If their views are divided or opposed to your position, it may be more effective to present both sides.
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appeals to needs
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• Appeals to needs is an attempt to move people to action by calling on their physical and psychological requirements and desires. Different people have different needs, but most of us want to protect or enhance factors that affect our physical, safety, social, and self-esteem needs. Physical needs are the most basic physiological requirements, such as food, water, sleep, sex, and other physical comforts. Safety needs pertain to our desire for stability, order, protection from violence, freedom from stress and disease, security, and structure. Social needs relate to our hopes to be loved and to belong, and our needs for affection from family and friends, for membership in groups, and for the acceptance and approval of others. Self-esteem needs reflect our desires for recognition, respect from others, and self-respect.
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appeals to logical appeals
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attempts to move people to action through the use of evidence and proof. When speakers lead their listeners to think “Yes, that’s logical” or “That makes sense,” they are building a case by calling on their audience’s ability to reason. To accomplish this, competent persuasive speakers use evidence such as stats, examples, testimony, and any other supporting materials that will sway their listeners.
• A logical appeal requires an ability to argue for your point of view. • Deductive reasoning is a sequence of thought that moves from general information to a specific conclusion. • Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning; it is a sequence of thought that moves from the specific to the general. • Casual reasoning is a sequence of thought that links causes with effects. • Reasoning by analogy is a sequence of thought that compares similar things or circumstances in order to draw a conclusion. |
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fallacies in argument development
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• Fallacies are arguments that are flawed because they do not follow the rules of logic.
• Fallacies of reason: Questionable causes is a common fallacy that occurs when a speaker asserts something that does not relate to or produce the outcome claimed in the argument. Ad Hominem is when someone attacks a person rather than the person’s argument. • Fallacies of Evidence: Facts versus Opinion speakers who state opinions as if they are facts can be misleading and may be presenting a fallacious argument. Red Herring is a fallacy that uses irrelevant information to divert attention away from the real issue. Hasty Generalization is a fallacy that occurs when a speaker does not have sufficient data and therefore argues or reasons from a specific example. |
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List and explain the three components of credibility. According to the text, what is one specific way you could enhance your credibility in each of these three areas?
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Competence (Demonstrates Involvement, Relate Experience, Cite Research)
Character (Trustworthiness; Ethics (Cite Source, don't falsify or distort info. to make a point, show respect to audience)) Charisma (be sincerely interested in with audience, speak with energy and enthusiasm ect,) |
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Which communication theory, principle, or model you have studied this semester in this course could have the most significant effect on your christian life? Explain the communication theory, principle, or model in detail and why it could be important to your Christianity?
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Look at models on pg. 15 basically all of first chapter; listening to others ect.
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Of the concepts, theories, and principles you've learned in this course this semester, what one concept do you believe is most important in being an effective public speaker.
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Could discuss many for example: picking a good topic. (pg. 166-167; all chap. 7) Or managing anxiety (Chap 10)
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Accurate language
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no profanity and words that make what you are saying clear to understanding
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