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127 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Direct definition
Communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors.
attachment styles
Any of several patterns of attachment that result from particular parenting styles that teach children who they are, who others are, and how to approach relationships.
downers
Someone who communicates negatively about a person and reflects negative appraisals of that person’s worth as an individual.
ego boundaries
A person’s internal sense of where he or she stops and the rest of the world begins.
identity scripts
A guide to action based on rules for living and identity. Initially communicated in families, identity scripts define our roles, how we are to play them, and basic elements in the plot of our lives.
particular others
One source of social perspectives that people use to define themselves and guide how they think, act, and feel. The perspectives of particular others are the viewpoints of people who are significant to the self.
perspective of the generalized other
The collection of rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by the whole social community in which we live.
reflected appraisal
Our perceptions of others’ views of us.
self
A multidimensional process in which the individual forms and acts from social perspectives that arise and evolve in communication with her- or himself.
self-sabotage
Self-talk that communicates that we’re no good, we can’t do something, we can’t change, and so forth. Undermines belief in ourselves and motivation to change and grow.
social comparison
Comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.
uppers
Someone who communicates positively about a person and confirms with positive appraisals the person’s worth as an individual.
vultures
The extreme form of a downer. Vultures attack a person’s self-concept and sense of self-worth; may be someone else or the person her- or himself.
abstract
Removed from concrete reality. Symbols are abstract because they are inferences and generalizations derived from a total reality.
ambiguous
Subject to more than one interpretation. Symbols are ambiguous because their meanings vary from person to person and context to context.
arbitrary
Random; not determined by necessity. Symbols are arbitrary because there is no particular reason for any one symbol to stand for a certain referent.
communication rules
Shared understandings of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations.
constitutive rules
Communication rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted.
dual perspective
The ability to understand another person’s perspective, beliefs, thoughts, or feelings.
hypothetical thought
Cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation.
indexing
A technique of noting that statements reflect specific times and circumstances and may not apply to other times or circumstances.
loaded language
An extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and hence meanings.
punctuation
Defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes.
regulative rules
Communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things.
static evaluation
Assessments that suggest something is unchanging or static.
totalizing
Responding to people as if one aspect of them were the sum total of who they are.
artifacts
Personal objects we use to announce our identities and personalize our environments.
chronemics
A type of nonverbal communication concerned with how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction.
environmental factors
Elements of settings that affect how we feel and act. Environmental factors are a type of nonverbal communication.
haptics
Nonverbal communication that involves physical touch.
kinesics
Body position and body motions, including those of the face.
nonverbal communication
All forms of communication other than words themselves; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors.
paralanguage
Vocal communication that does not include actual words; for example, sounds, vocal qualities, accents, and inflection.
physical appearance
Physical features of people and the values attached to those features; a type of nonverbal communication.
proxemics
A type of nonverbal communication that includes space and how we use it.
silence
The lack of verbal communication or paralanguage. Silence is a type of nonverbal communication that can express powerful messages.
assimilation
The giving up of one’s own ways for those of another culture.
belief
An assumption about what is true, accurate, or factual. A belief may be false even though it is accepted as true.
cultural calamity
Adversity that brings about change in a culture; one of four ways cultures change.
cultural relativism
The idea that cultures vary in how they think, act, and behave as well as in what they believe and value; not the same as moral relativism.
culture
Beliefs, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people.
diffusion
The incorporation or integration of characteristics of one culture into another as a result of contact between the two.
dynamic
Evolving and changing over time.
ethnocentrism
The tendency to regard ourselves and our way of life as superior to other people and other ways of life.
high-context communication style
The indirect and undetailed communication favored in collectivist cultures.
invention
The creation of tools, ideas, and practices; one of four causes of culture change.
low-context communication style
The direct, precise, and detailed communication favored in individualistic cultures.
multilingual
Able to speak and think in more than one language.
norms
An informal rule that guides how members of a group or culture think, feel, act, and interact.
participation
A response to cultural diversity in which people incorporate some practices, customs, and traditions of other groups into their own lives.
resistance
A response to cultural diversity in which the cultural practices of others are attacked or the superiority of one’s own cultural traditions is proclaimed.
respect
A response to cultural diversity in which one values others’ customs, traditions, and values, even if one does not actively incorporate them into one’s own life.
social community
A group of people who live within a dominant culture yet who also have common distinctive experiences and patterns of communicating.
tolerance
A response to diversity in which one accepts differences even though one may not approve of or even understand them.
understanding
A response to cultural diversity in which it is assumed that differences are rooted in cultural teachings and that no traditions, customs, and behaviors are intrinsically more valuable than others.
values
Views of what is good, right, and important that are shared by members of a particular culture.
acknowledgment
The second of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates that you have heard and understand another’s feelings and thoughts.
closeness in dialogue
Interpersonal closeness created through communication.
acknowledgment
The second of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates that you have heard and understand another’s feelings and thoughts.
closeness in the doing
Interpersonal closeness created by doing things with and for others.
closeness in dialogue
Interpersonal closeness created through communication.
conflict
Among people who depend on each other, the expression of different views, interests, and goals and the perception of these differences as incompatible or as opposed by the other.
closeness in the doing
Interpersonal closeness created by doing things with and for others.
conflict
Among people who depend on each other, the expression of different views, interests, and goals and the perception of these differences as incompatible or as opposed by the other.
covert conflict
Conflict that is expressed indirectly; generally is more difficult than overt conflict to manage constructively.
covert conflict
Conflict that is expressed indirectly; generally is more difficult than overt conflict to manage constructively.
endorsement
The third of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates acceptance of another’s thoughts and feelings; not the same as agreement.
endorsement
The third of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; communicates acceptance of another’s thoughts and feelings; not the same as agreement.
interpersonal climate
The overall feeling between people, shaped by communication.
interpersonal climate
The overall feeling between people, shaped by communication.
overt conflict
Conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner.
overt conflict
Conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner.
recognition
The most basic kind of interpersonal confirmation; communicates awareness that another person exists and is present.
recognition
The most basic kind of interpersonal confirmation; communicates awareness that another person exists and is present.
self-disclosure
The sharing of personal information that others are unlikely to discover in other ways.
self-disclosure
The sharing of personal information that others are unlikely to discover in other ways.
stonewalling
Reliance on the exit response to conflict and refusal to discuss issues; especially corrosive in relationships because it blocks the possibility of resolving conflicts.
commitment
A decision to remain with a relationship. One of three dimensions of enduring romantic relationships, commitment has more impact on relational continuity than does love alone. It is also an advanced stage in the process of escalation in romantic relationships.
dyadic processes
The set of processes in relational deterioration in which established relationship patterns break down and partners discuss problems and alternative futures for the relationship.
explorational communication
The stage in the escalation of romantic relationships in which two people explore various common interests and backgrounds that might provide a basis for further interaction.
grave-dressing processes
The set of processes in the deterioration of romantic relationships in which partners put the relationship to rest.
independence
A relationship stage in which a person is characterized by unique needs, goals, experiences, and qualities that affect what he or she looks for in others and relationships.
intensifying communication
The stage in the escalation of romantic relationships that increases the depth of a relationship by increasing personal knowledge and allowing a couple to begin creating a private culture. Also called euphoria.
intrapsychic processes
The first set of processes in the disintegration of romantic relationships; involves brooding about problems in the relationship and dissatisfactions with a partner.
investment
Something put into a relationship that cannot be recovered should the relationship end. Investments, more than rewards and love, increase commitment.
invitational communication
The second stage in the escalation phase of romantic relationships, in which people signal that they are interested in interacting and respond to invitations from others.
neutralization
One of four responses to relational dialectics; involves balancing or finding a compromise between two dialectical poles.
passion
Intensely positive feelings and desires for another person. Passion is based on the rewards of involvement and is not equivalent to commitment.
personal relationship
A relationship defined by uniqueness, rules, relational dialectics, and commitment and affected by contexts. Personal relationships, unlike social ones, are irreplaceable.
psychological responsibility
The responsibility for remembering, planning, and coordinating domestic work and child care. In general, women assume the psychological responsibility for child care and housework even if both partners share in the actual tasks
reframing
One of four responses to relational dialectics. The reframing response transcends the apparent contradiction between two dialectical poles and reinterprets them as not in tension.
relational culture
A private world of rules, understandings, and patterns of acting and interpreting that partners create to give meaning to their relationship; the nucleus of intimacy.
relational dialectics
Opposing forces or tensions that are normal parts of all relationships. The three relational dialectics are autonomy/connectedness, novelty/predictability, and openness/closedness.
resurrection processes
The final set of processes in relationship deterioration, in which ex–partners begin to live independent of the former relationship.
revising communication
A stage in the escalation of romantic relationships that involves evaluating the relationship and working out any obstacles or problems before committing for the long term. Not all couples experience this stage.
rules
Patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior; all relationships develop rules.
segmentation
One of four responses to relational dialectics. Segmentation responses meet one dialectical need while ignoring or not satisfying the contradictory dialectical need.
separation
One of four responses to relational dialectics, in which friends or romantic partners assign one pole of a dialectic to certain spheres of activities or topics and the contradictory dialectical pole to distinct spheres of activities or topics.
social relationship
A kind of relationship that tends to follow a broad social script and rules and in which participants tend to assume conventional social roles in relation to one another. Unlike personal relationships, social relationships can be replaced.
social support processes
The set of processes in relational disintegration in which partners figure out how to inform outsiders that the relationship is ending and look to friends and family for support during the trauma of breaking up.
climate communication
One of three constructive forms of participation in group decision making. Climate communication focuses on creating and sustaining an open, engaged atmosphere for discussion.
cohesion
Closeness among members of a group; esprit de corps.
egocentric communication
An unconstructive form of group contribution that blocks others or calls attention to oneself.
group
Three or more people who interact over time, are interdependent, and follow shared rules of conduct to reach a common goal. The team is one type of group.
groupthink
The cessation of critical, independent thought on the part of a group’s members about ideas generated by the group.
individualism
A strongly held Western value that views each person as unique and important and recognizes individual activities and achievements.
norms
An informal rule that guides how members of a group or culture think, feel, act, and interact. Norms define what is normal or appropriate in various situations.
power
The ability to influence others; a feature of small groups that affects participation.
power over
The ability to help or harm others. Power over others usually is communicated in ways that highlight the status and influence of the person using the power.
power to
The ability to empower others to reach their goals. People who use power to help others generally do not highlight their own status and influence.
procedural communication
One of three constructive ways of participating in group decision making. Procedural communication orders ideas and coordinates the contributions of members.
social climbing
The attempt to increase personal status in a group by winning the approval of high-status members.
synergy
A special kind of energy in groups that combines and goes beyond the energies, talents, and strengths of individual members.
task Communication
One of three constructive forms of participation in group decision making; focuses on giving and analyzing information and ideas.
team
A special kind of group characterized by different and complementary resources of members and a strong sense of collective identity. All teams are groups, but not all groups are teams.
authoritarian leadership
A leadership style in which a leader provides direction, exerts authority, and confers rewards and punishments on group members.
authority rule
A group decision making method in which some person or group with authority tells a group what to do, and the group ratifies the authority’s decision.
brainstorming
A group problem solving technique in which the free flow of ideas is encouraged without immediate criticism.
compromise
A method of group decision making in which members work out a solution that satisfies each person’s minimum criteria but does not necessarily fully satisfy all members.
consensus
A decision-making method in which all members of a group support a decision.
criteria
Standards that group members use to evaluate alternative solutions or decisions. Criteria should be established during stage three of the standard agenda.
democratic leadership
A style of leadership that provides direction without imposing strict authority on a group.
emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize which feelings are appropriate in which situations and the ability to communicate those feelings effectively.
laissez-faire leadership
From the French for “to allow to do,” this style of leadership is nondirective and sometimes leads to unproductive group work.
quality improvement team
A group in which people from different departments or areas in an organization collaborate to solve problems, meet needs, or increase the quality of work life. Also called a continuous quality improvement team.
standard agenda
A logical, seven-step method for making decisions.
voting
A method of group decision making that requires the support of a certain number of group members. Some groups have simple majority rule, whereas others require two-thirds or three-fourths support.