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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are expansions? |
Caregiver includes additional GRAMMATICAL structures Child: Doggie Big Caregiver: Yes THE doggie IS big |
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What are extensions? |
Caregiver responds with new SEMANTIC information Child: Bird flying Caregiver: Yes birds HAVE WINGS to fly |
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What is pragmatics? |
Language use |
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What does pragmatics depend on? |
On the context of the situation and who the listener is |
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How do preschoolers conversational modes change? |
They begin to recognize and express ideas to themselves and others |
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What are the three conversational modes that develop in preschoolers? |
Private Speech Narratives |
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What is Private Speech? |
Where children aren't concerned with transmitting knowledge and talk for their own satisfaction |
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What are the three types of Private Speech in Preschoolers? |
Affective Expressive Collective |
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What is Affective Expressive (Private Speech) in preschoolers? |
Where children are majorly concerned with talking about their FEELINGS |
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What are Collective Monologues in preschoolers? |
When children talk in the presence of peers but they are not addressed and their conversations aren't about a central topic |
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What is Associated Monologues in preschoolers? |
When children talk in the presence of peers and talk about a central topic, but the utterances don't follow each other in a logical manner |
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What is social speech in preschoolers? |
When their audience is addressed. They become more concerned about transmitting information and getting their points across. |
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What is needed for effective discourse? |
Presupposition Turn Taking |
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What is Topic Introduction? |
Establishing the groundwork of the topic you wish to discuss. |
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How do preschoolers use topic introduction? |
They ask questions they already know the answers to. |
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What is turn taking? |
Each person waits for the other person to finish before starting speech. The more information shared, the more turns are possible to take. |
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What is topic maintenance? |
Continuing conversation on a subject by commenting on your partner's last utterance |
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What is conversation repair? |
Our ability to clarify our words if our partner doesn't understand |
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How do preschoolers use conversation repair? |
Changing a speech sound |
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What is presupposition? |
Our ability to judge our listeners: |
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What is anaphoric reference? |
The role PRONOUNS play in referring to words that precede them. |
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What is deixis? |
Words that refer to something based on the speaker's perspective on the object "this, that, there, here" |
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What is register shifting? |
How we change our communication due to the status of the listener. Earliest form is "please" |
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How do paralinguistics impact the meaning of our utterances? |
Prosody |
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What are the 3 types of protonarratives? |
Heaps |
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What are heaps? |
Sets of unrelated statements about a central stimulus |
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What is Sequencing-Chaining? |
Events have similar aspects that create a central focus
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What are primative narratives? |
They are organized around a central topic but have no cause-effect |
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What does the setting provide in a true narrative? |
Context and characters |
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What does the goal provide in a true narrative? |
Motivation |
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What does the episode provide in true narrative? |
Describes events related to the goal |
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What is the order of narrative development? |
Heaps |
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What areas undergo development in adults? |
Semantics |
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Why does semantic knowledge change? |
Vocabulary grows consistently over ones life |
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How does semantic knowledge change? |
Through vocabulary acquired through a career Vertical and Horizontal Development |
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What areas of pragmatics develop?
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Register Shifting |
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What is genderlect? |
The styles in which we communicate that is stereotyped by the two sexes |
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What is boy's genderlect? |
Communicate to assert ideas/opinions/identity Use talk to develop strategy Speak to attract attention to self "Report" talk |
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What is girl's genderlect? |
Communicate to gain/maintain relationships Involve others in communication "Raport" talk |
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When is genderlect learned? |
2-3 years |
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What evidence for genderlect in boys? |
More directives |
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What evidence for genderlect in girls? |
Talk more |
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What is adult top-down processing? |
Prior knowledge of context and situation enables us to "get the gist" |
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What is adult bottom-up processing? |
Start with smallest units and gradually decode them until we understand the content |
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What else influences comprehension? |
Our interest/importance of the topic Inferences Prior knowledge |
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What is inference? |
Going beyond the iliteral meaning of text/conversations NOT ALWAYS CORRECT |
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What is the Mathew Effect? |
"The rich get richer and the poor get poorer" |
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When is knowing additional information beneficial? |
BEFORE we begin to talk about the content |
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Is comprehension just based on structure/word choice? |
No, it depends on how we process information |
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What do children achieve in the locutionary stage? |
Used of words to express intention |
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What do children cognitively understand in the locutionary stage? |
Cause and Effect Object Permanence |
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What 3 areas develop in the locutionary period? |
Topic Initiation |
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What is topic initiation? |
Introducing a topic to conversation |
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What is presupposition? |
Understanding how much the listener knows about the subject and adjust the message accordingly Important when subject is absent |
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What is turn-taking |
Speaker-Listener switch roles Obvious in feeding early on Increases as vocabulary and memory expand |
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What is Darley/Wintiz' criteria of whether a child has produced a first word? |
1. Same utterance is used consistently 2. Approximates the conventional sounds produced by an adult |
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What are common characteristics of first words? |
Nouns Frontal consonants Final consonants may be omitted |
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What are 5 levels of knowing a word? |
Referential Categorical Metalinguistic |
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What is the referential Sense? |
Stands for something |
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What is the extended sense? |
Makes some generalization |
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What is the relational sense? |
Words related by content (Dog-> Barking) |
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What is categorical sense? |
Animals -> dogs cats birds |
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What is the metalinguistic sense? |
A word can exist apart from its referent (Dog rhymes with log) |
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What are expressive words? |
Words whose purpose is to engage others CONVEY THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS |
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What are relational words? |
Basic reference words. how present circumstances reflect an objects status |
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What are the 3 types of relational words? |
Reflexive |
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What are reflexive relations? |
"this, that" Non existence - "dada" when dad was there and then was gone Reoccurance - "more?" |
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What are locative relations? |
In response to location of object "on" "In" "over" "under" |
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What are attribution relations? |
"big" "dirty" "funny" |
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WHat is overextension? |
Child overgeneralizes schema |
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What is underextension? |
Word used in a very retricted perspective |
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What are the three theories of conceptual behavior? |
Clarke's SEMANTIC feature hypothesis |
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What is the semantic feature hypothesis? |
Based on perceptual categories OVEREXTENSION shows strongest features |
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What is the functional core hypothesis? |
Words are a response to objects children interact with Car -> Drive Fork -> Eat |
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What is the prototype hypothesis? |
Child finds a prototype to represent a concept Word develops as childs knowledge of word expands |
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What 3 criteria determine a true first two-word combination? |
Produce two true words Intonational contour similar to adults |
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What are the 5 types of transitional utterances? |
Dummy Empty Reduplicated Pseudophrases |
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What are dummy forms? |
An additional sound or sllable added to a word Not recognized as a word Variable phonological form "ga" ball |
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What are empty forms? |
An additional sound or syllable added to a word Not recognized as a word MORE CONSISTENT phonological forms "dada didi" |
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What are reduplications? |
A word is repeated Both words uttered with same intonational contour "car car" |
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What are pseudophrases? |
Utterance appears to be conventional 2 word phrase but child has learned it as one big word "allgone" In order to be a two word phrase an extra word needs to be added "allgone cookie" |
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What is a successive two-word utterance? |
Individual words in succession with a pause
Both words with falling intonation |
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What is the importance of environment in language? |
In a day, toddlers produce 10,00-20,000 utterances and caregivers respond by either expanding or extending these utterances |
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What are the 4 ways toddlers influence the environment? |
Evocative Utterances Selective Imitation |
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What are evocative utterances? |
Toddler appears to make a declarative statement but expects response "Doggie." |
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What is hypothesis testing? |
Toddler attempts a word with intonation of a question Doggie? Yes! or No. |
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What are interogative utterances? |
A direct request for an appropriate word "Wassat?" |
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What is selective imitation? |
Portions of caregiver's previous utterance repeated within the toddler's next utterance "Time to take a bath" BATH! |
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What 3 ways do caregivers influence the environment? |
Initiation: Motherese Contingency: Imitations/Expansion/Extension |
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What is fast mapping? |
Strategy that enables child to infer a connection between a word and referent after one exposure Uses information already known to help place the word in the right context and exclude possibilities that already have words attached to them |
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What helps fast mapping? |
When words are composed of phonemes the child can produce Words refer to objects rather than actions Words have reduplicated syllables When words are used in unambiguous contexts |
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What is extended mapping? |
Information gradually expands and is modified as additional experiences that help clarify its full meaning |
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What are the 4 types of relational words? |
Dimensional Color Temporal |
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What are the early dimensional words? |
Big/Little |
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What are the early color words? |
Blue Green Red Yellow |
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What are early spatial words? |
In Inside On Under |
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What are temporal relations? |
Order words: After/before Duration Words: Since/Until Simultaneity: While |
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When does play stop indicating language? |
Correlated with cognition until 3.5 |
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What is Brown's criteria for morphemes to be studied? |
Appear in obligatory contexts |
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What are Brown's 14 Morphemes? |
Present Progressive Regular plural Irregular Past tense Possessive Articles Regular past tense Third person present singular Irregular third person singular Uncontractible Auxillary Contractible Copula Contractible Auxillary |
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rWhat is the earliest verb inflection in english? |
Present progressive |
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WhatHow are irregular past tense learned? |
By rote Most frequent comes first |
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What is copula? |
"to be" |
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What is uncontractible copula? |
Copula appears alone It was hot The dog is big |
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What are the articles? |
"A" "the" |
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WHat happens with regular past tense? |
Overregulization Wented |
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What is uncontractible auxillary? |
It was burning Are they walking? |
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What is contractible copula? |
Used when you can contract the verb Mary's a girl It's in here |
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What is contractible auxillary |
They're walking |
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WHat happens in brown's first stage? |
Single word utterances |
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What happens in Brown's second stage? |
Appearance of grammatical morphemes |
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What happens in Brown's third stage? |
Non phrase colaboration Begin to modify sentences with yes/no questions, wh-questions, and imperatives |
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What happens in Brown's fourth stage? |
Beginning to embed phrases and clauses |
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What happens in Brown's fifth stage? |
Conjoining or compound sentences |
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What is the formula for MLU? |
Morphemes / Utterances |
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What two areas develop semantically in school years? |
Learn more words Learn more about words |
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What is horizontal development? |
Associate different fefatures with a word Expands the meaning of the word "mama" could be a dog, mother earth or their mom |
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What is vertical development? |
Understand the various additional meanings a word may have "block" |
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What changes in semantic organization? |
Thematic-Taxonomic shift Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic shift |
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What is thematic organization? |
Words are associated based on their relationship to a theme or a context A wagon + a sidewalk + toys in wagon |
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What is taxonomic organization? |
Words are associated based on hierarchical categories Wagon + bicycle + tricycle |
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What is the syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift? |
A transition where association shift from syntax to semantics |
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What is a syntactic relationship |
Non is followed by verb car -> drive chair -> sit |
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What is a semantic relationship? |
car -> truck, bus chair -> table, desk bird -> wings, feathers |
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What is divergent naming? |
Ability to produce a diverse collection of words based on association with a topic Fruits -> banana, apple, orange |
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What is convergent naming? |
Ability to identify based on inference from associated words banana, apple, orange -> fruits |
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What are the 4 types of figurative language? |
Metaphor Simile Idiom Proverb |
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What is figurative language? |
Language based on stimulus generalized analogy rather than literal interpretation |
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What is a metaphor?
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Implies an analogous relationship "you're an ox!" |
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What is a simile? |
Directly states an analogous relationship "You're as clumsy as an ox!" |
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What is an idiom? |
Short analogous expression that cannot be justified literally
"don't let the cat out of the bag" |
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What is a proverb? |
Figurative language that expresses truth or gives advice :look before you leap" |
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What 3 skills develop in school aged children? |
Presupposition
Register shifting Maintanence and conversation repair |
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What is cognitive perspective taking? |
Infer others feelings, thoughts, and intentions |
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What is cognitive perspective taking associated with? |
Presuppostional skills |
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What is topic shading? |
Subtle shifts in the conversational topic through addressing an isolated aspect of a previous utterance |
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How does conversational repair change with age? |
Young children repeat phrases or change a word while a 10 year old uses stacked repair where they add additional elements to clarify an utterance |
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How does ineptness change and improve over time? |
8 rs: recognize inept sentence but cant correct 12 yrs: able to correct ineptness |
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What is a complex sentence? |
When the main clause has a subordinate clause or relative clause embedded in it |
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What is a subordinate clause? |
A clause typically introduced by a conjunction that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause she answered the phone when it rang |
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What is a relative clause? |
Defines or identifies the noun that proceeds it. Contains a subject and a verb and a relative pronoun "Do you know the girl WHO started school yesterday?" |
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What is a compound sentence? |
Two independent clauses are connected with a coordinating conjunction He ran AND she walked |
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What is the developmental trajectory of conjunction "because?" |
Pre 7: Use "because" "and" "then" as though they mean the same thing 8 yrs: understand because signifys reversible relationships |
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What are the first conjunctions to develop? |
and" "but" "or"
" |
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What is the minimum distance principle? |
The preceding noun closest to the verb is treated as the subject |
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When do children master passives? |
11-13 years |
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What is protowriting? |
System based on pictures and symbols |
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What are the 4 types of orthographies? |
Left to right or right to left (semitic) Syllabary: 1 symbol/syllable (Japenese) Alphabetic: 1 symbol/sound (English) |
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What 3 skills correlate with reading ability? |
Good oral language skills Good metalinguistic ability Exposure to print prior to school |
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What is bottom up reading? |
grapheme->phoneme->word->sentence |
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What is top down reading? |
Meaning extracted from the form of the word |
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What are stalls stages of reading development? |
Prereading/Logographic Read for information and entertainment Read for information to gain perspective Efficient reading for inquiry/critical analysis |
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Why does reading apear U shaped? |
The child has logographic learning ability then they lose this when they start to learn how to read and then they gain the skill again. |
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What semantic changes in advanced age? |
Vocab contains to expand |
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Why do elderly have difficulty with word finding? |
Substitute words with other words Age related decline in remembering spelling of familiar words |
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How do elderly do in confrontational naming? |
Worse with proper nouns Better with defining words and recognizing names |
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How do elderly do on naming tasks? |
Use circumlocations to buy time |
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What helps on naming and word finding? |
Frequent conversations |
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What syntactic changes happen? |
No increase in gramatically incorect utterances. |
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What pragmatic changes develop? |
More tuned in to turn taking Beter at topic maintanence and topic shading Masters of narratives |
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What is verbal transformational effect? |
Listen to the same word played over and over Older listeners hear real words only as they are more efficient processors of language |
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What expressive language changes happen? |
Older people elaborate and have increased verbosity due to diminished ability to ignore irrelevent information |
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What 3 non-language congitive abilities influence language? |
Speed of processing Inhibition Working memory |
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What is speed of processing? |
Repeating fast speech Generate word lists based on criteria |
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What is inhibition? |
bility to inhibit a response allowing the individual to ignore irrelevant information
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What is working memory? |
Ability to keep information in mind while processiong |
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What changes happen in speech in elderly? |
Sound substitutions/repititions Word repititions Sentence fragments |
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What vocal changes happen in elderly? |
Reduced intensity Hoarseness Vocal trembling |
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What causes vocal change in elderly? |
Age of larynx and supporting structures Decrease in neuromuscular control Decrease blood supply Degeneration of vocal folds Decreased breath support |
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What is the impact of hearing loss on language? |
Higher rate of depression/anxiety |
