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124 Cards in this Set

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Communication

Process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means

Berlo's Basic SMCR Model (1960)

Sender--(encodes)-->message--> channel---(decodes)--->receiver



Views communication as the TRANSFER OF INFO

Tweaking Communication Model - dr jenkinson

Sender/receiver can be groups with second hand info being passed along



Noise and context affect communications

Noise

Physical (external), physiological (internal), psychological (internal), semantic (internal)

Types

Context

psychological- brings own needs, personality, values to communication



Relational- reactions to other and how you view others

Interpersonal communication

Unique relationship with personally established rules

Inevitability principle

Communicating even though you don't actively try to send a message

Irreversibility of communication

Can't take back communication or reverse the message received



Especially with computer mediated communication

What's a downfall of computer mediated messaging in regards to irreversibility?

Leaves an electronic copy that is permanent and easily spread across the web

What are the 6 stages of relationships?

1. Contact


2. Involvement


3. Intimacy


4. Deterioration


5. Repair


6. Dissolution

Contact stage

See, hear, read, smell


- interacting contact that's superficial with preliminary info


- first impression stage

First impression stage

Involvement stage

Being connected and learning more to see if initial impression is correct



- testing or intensifying


- choose to stay, regress back, or continue to other stage

Intimacy stage

Interpersonal commitment and social bonding



- talk about relationship to make public like with family and friends


-become an identifiable pair of friends or lovers

Deterioration stage

Interpersonal dissatisfaction or deterioration


- lack of intimacy and closeness physically and emotionally


- leads to either repair or dissolution

Interpersonal communication

Unique, irreplaceable, requires understanding of the partner's psychological relationship with personally established rules

Environmental context

Physical settings like location and weather

Dissolution stage

Separation in social or public life


- reestablish new life


- divorce or break up


- one of the individuals may fail to leave relationship and stuck in the past

Social Penetration Theory

Describes relationship development from the perspective of self disclosure (sharing personal information)

Core of relational development

Self disclosure

Process of gradually penetrating deeper into understanding a person





Start from the outside superficial layer and move toward core (faster then slows down)


- ex: peeling an onion



Is reciprocal, especially early on as vulnerability is reduced when it's mutually shared info

Depenetration

Gradual process of layer by layer withdrawal going from depth to breadth layers

Social exchange theory

Relationship behavior or status regulated by perceived rewards and costs of interaction


Positive values of social exchange theory

What you can do for me, physically attractive, financial support, unconditional love

Negative values of social exchange theory

Amount of effort needed to maintain relationship, low income, unproductive, not romantic

Outcome

Perceived rewards minus the costs of the relationship

Comparison Level (CL)

Threshold above which a current relationship seems satisfactory

Comparison Level of Alternatives (CL alt)

Best outcome available in alternative relationships


-shaped by advice, past experiences, media set expectations


- provides threshold to compare perceived alternatives of profits and benefits


- measures stability of relationship

Situational context

Where and when communication takes place

According to the social exchange theory, does the comparison level (CL) influence the durability of a relationship?

No

Three primary dialectics

1. Autonomy v Connections


2. Openness v Closeness


3. Novelty v Predictability

Autonomy

Need to be an individual person with personal space and freedom

Independent

Connection

Need to be close and associate with others


- basic need for affections

Openness v closeness

Open sharing v privacy


- Social Penetration Theory by sharing personal info a relationship can grow closer and stronger


- need for closer relationship conflicts with privacy

Whenever self disclosing personal info...

Thoughts, feelings, beliefs, attitudes, superficial demographics are subjected to positive and negative consequences for openness

Novelty v Predictability

Like having routine and prior knowledge of habits but wants excitement

Polysemic


Multiple meanings


Situational context

Where and when communication takes place


Cultural context

Influences cultural background and rules

Dominant encoding and decoding

Decode=encode



Agreement between senders and receivers

3 Types of encoding and decoding

Dominant, negotiated, oppositional


Interpersonal communication

Verbal and nonverbal interaction between 2 or more interdependent



Always takes place in relationships and influences relational development

Impersonal relationship

People respond according to social roles

Close relationship

2 people in an interpersonal relationship characterized by ensuring bonds, emotional attachment, personal need fulfillment, irreplaceability

Unique interaction patterns

How people communicate to each other is unique like inside jokes, experiences together, private info

3 characteristics of close relationships

1. Emotional attachment


2. Need fulfillment


3. Irreplaceability

Close relationships fulfill...

Affection, inclusion, and behavioral control

"Blended relationships"

Person plays multiple roles as boundaries are unclear


- coworker/significant other


- sister/best friend

Interpersonal communication fulfills these goals...

1. Self presentation goals


2. Relational goals


3. Instrumental (task oriented) goals

Burgoon and Hale 7 types of relational communication themes

1. Dominance/ submission


2. Level of intimacy


3. Degree of similarity


4. Task social oriented


5. Formality/ informality


6. Degree of social composure


7. Level of emotional arousal and activation

Language

System of symbols used to transfer meaning amongst themselves


- different image but general meaning is the same


- symbols are agreed upon so fluent speakers get the same meaning


- inherently social

Semantics

Study of words and their meanings

Syntax

Study of word order

Dead language

A language that exists but is not currently spoken/used

Speech acts

Utterances with a performative function


- each has unique function and set of conditions and requirements


- ex: promise, interrogate, declare, question, ask

Pragmatics

Context and social setting plays a role in language use


- as circumstances change then the meanings change

Literal language

Words used in basic or fundamental ways


-" what's up?"

Implicature

How people transfer meaning that is greater than what they literally are saying


- people usually mean much more than what they say


- "I'm cold"

Figurative language

Uses previous knowledge of life and understanding of conversation to understand when to ignore literal meanings


- metaphors, hyperbole, idioms

Speech rafe

How fast you speak


- faster means higher status

Speech rafe

How fast you speak


- faster means higher status

Lexical diversity

How many unique words are uttered


- more variety means higher status

Taboo Language

Forbidden or prohibited words




Arbitrarily named by society who decided it's negative and is not intrinsically negative




Status changes over time as tolerance for words grow with frequent use

swear words

Nonverbal Communication (NVC)

The intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through non-spoken physical and behavioral cues

Principles of NVC

1. NVC uses multiple channels (visual, body language, touch)


2. Ambigious with multiple interpretation


3. Has fewer rules (not made explicit)


4. Has more meaning


5. Influenced by context (relational, situational, cultural)


6. Influenced by gender


7. Liberated through technology


8.Nonverbal and verbal combine to create communication




Functions of NVC

1. Conveys meaning (smile)


2.Expresses emotion (affect displays)


3. Presents ourselves to others


4. Deceive and detect deception


5. Helps manage interactions


6. Defines relationships (intimacy, dominance, and submissiveness)


7. Sends messages of power and meaning

How does NVC convey meaning (5)

1. Reiterate and repeat (pointing)


2. Contradict (rolling eyes)


3. Complement and enhance messages (nod yes)


4. Regulate conversation (checking time on watch)


5. Replace (hello=waving)

Cultural orientations (3)

1. Individualistic v collectivistic


2. High power distance v low power distance


3. High context v low context

Differences in cultures

Individualistic v Collectivistic

-privacy v closeness


-talk v silence


-distant proximity v live close


-emotional v suppress emotional displays

High context v Low Context (ex)

-Covert/implicit messages v overt/explicit messages


-NVC v verbal


-reserved v visible reactions


-flexible time v time is organized


-time is a process v time is a commodity to spend/save

High power distance v Low power distance (def)

extent to which less powerful members of a cultural expect and accept that power is distributed unequally





Women gender roles/behaviors

gaze more often, more animated, more NVC, higher pitch, able to read body language



Men gender roles/behaviors

lean forward, personal space, less facial expressions, more assertive

NVC Codes

kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics, chronemics, physical appearance, artifacts, environment

Kinesics

visible body movements that send messages about attitude towards others, emotional state, and desire to control environment




ex: facial expressions, affection, gesture, posture

Facial Expressions

emotional info about ourselves and others


ex: submissive v dominance, degree of involvement, level of comprehension, reactions are spontaneous or controlled

6 Universal Emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger




SADFISH

Examples of kinesics

gestures, expressions, eye contact, posture

Vocalics

vocal characteristics used to NVC


ex: tone, pitch, loudness, speech rate

Paralanguage impressions (vocalic examples)

tone, pitch, volume, speech rate, articulation, pronunciation, hesitation/silence

Haptics

using touch in NVC to communicate attitude, encourage affiliation, extent control/power




ex: functional-professional, social-polite, friendship - warmth, love-intimacy, sexual-arousal, agressive-hostile

Functional-Professional


(Haptics)

accomplishes some task

Social-Polite


(haptics)

stems from social norms and expectations


Friendship-warmth


(haptics)

liking for another person



Love-intimacy


(haptics)

conveys deep emotional feelings

Sexual-arousal

intended to physically stimulate another person and not necessarily include love or intimacy

Proxemics

communication through the use of physical distance




functions: impression management, affiliation, privacy

Impression management ex


(proxemics)

ex: moving closer=like or dominance

Affiliation function ex


(proxemics)

ex: moving closer = friendship

Privacy function ex


(proxemics)

personal space



Territoriality

tendency to claim physical space

Chronemics

time usage during interpersonal encounter




- m time and p time

Monochronic time (m-time)

linear, segmented, scarce; tangible; low context




-due dates, job 1st, not good at sharing, one track minded

Polychronic time (P-time)

less tangible, not scheduled but people oriented, high context




-easily distracted, result oriented, relationships 1st

What does pace reveal about a cultures attitude toward time? (past, present, future)

-Past: history, future oriented cultures


-Present: spontaneity and flexibility


-Future: changes, optimism, youth

Physical appearance

Visible attributes like hair, body type, and clothing




ex: designer clothing = wealthy

Artifacts

things we possess that express our identity to others




ex: rugs/chandelier = wealthy

Environment

physical features of our surroundings




-Fixed: stable and unchanging


(walls, ceilings, doors)


-Semi-fixed: easy to change or temporary (furniture, lighting, color)

Intercultural Communication Imperatives (4)

1. demographic


2. economic


3. technological


4. self-awareness

Demographic Imperative

racial differences in the USA


ex: work force of the new generation varies from the past

Economic imperative

business endeavors flourish to encourage globalization




ex: overseas market



Technological imperative

media and internet allows us to be connected all the world


-media, email, games, billboards


- can find and understand cultures by internet


-not constrained by how far we can travel as technology allows us to be connected past ethnic, geographical boundaries, and time

Self-awareness imperative

allows us to be aware of our own self and our cultural identity


-ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism

belief that our culture's way is the best or right way

Culture

learned patterns of perception, values, and behavior shared by a group of people that are dynamic and heterogeneous


- unique way in which we express universal similarities (how we eat, sleep, dress)

Involuntary cultures

age, race, gender, sexual orientation, family


-may be involuntary at first but can become voluntary


-physical appearances that you can't control and are subjected to prejudiced and stereotyped

Voluntary cultures

profession, political association, hobbies

Culture as an iceberg

iceberg is only partly visible like how observed characteristics of a culture are on the surface


-Above the surface: food, clothing, dancing, music, art, behavior, artifacts


-Below the surface: norms, beliefs, and deeply held values and assumptions, learned ideas of what is acceptable

Dimensions of Culture

1. Individualistic v Collectivistic


2. Power distance


3. Masculinity-Femininity


4. Uncertainty avoidance


*5. Long term v short term orientation

Masculinity-Femininity

degree to which masculine values (assertiveness/success) and feminine values (quality of life) are distributed between genders

Uncertainty Avoidance

extent to which members of culture are tolerant of ambiguity and uncertainty and feel comfortable in unstructured situations

Geert Hofstede

came up with the dimensions of culture

Resonance

understanding that the intended meaning really resonates in the receiver

Transfer

info being moved from one place to another

Ideational Perspective

transfer of ideas that focuses on a physical transfer of the signal at the expense of shared knowledge

psycholinguistics

Linguistic problems based on cognitive processes and understanding communication


-tip of the tongue problem

uncertainty reduction theory

communication is defined as process of reducing uncertainty

Turing Test - Allen Turing

test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to or indistinguishable from that of a human


-Eugene Goostman (13 year old Ukrainian boy computer) that technically passed the test

5 types of biases

consistency, change, hindsight, egocentric, and stereotypical

Principles of Interpersonal Communication

1. Consists of a variety of (non)verbal communication that can be exchanged through different channels (haptics/kinesics etc)


2. Communication is inevitable especially if face to face


3. Used to fulfill goals


4. Varies in effectiveness but tries to share intended message


5. Every message contains Content and relational info


6. Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical

Symmetrical communication

people exchange similar relational info and messages




ex: dominant/dominant (commands)


ex: loving/loving (affection)

Asymmetrical communication

people exchange different kinds of info




ex: Dominant/passive or hate/love

Content level

conveys info at a literal level

Relational level

provides a context for interpreting message of a relationship




Depends on tone (sarcastic), gestures/postures, and behavior (eye contact)

Linear Trajectory

Communication characterized by increase in self disclosure and nonverbal affection as relationship gets closer

Nonlinear Trajectory

ups/down and contradictions