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124 Cards in this Set
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Communication |
Process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and nonverbal means |
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Berlo's Basic SMCR Model (1960) |
Sender--(encodes)-->message--> channel---(decodes)--->receiver
Views communication as the TRANSFER OF INFO |
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Tweaking Communication Model - dr jenkinson |
Sender/receiver can be groups with second hand info being passed along
Noise and context affect communications |
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Noise |
Physical (external), physiological (internal), psychological (internal), semantic (internal) |
Types |
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Context |
psychological- brings own needs, personality, values to communication
Relational- reactions to other and how you view others |
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Interpersonal communication |
Unique relationship with personally established rules |
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Inevitability principle |
Communicating even though you don't actively try to send a message |
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Irreversibility of communication |
Can't take back communication or reverse the message received
Especially with computer mediated communication |
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What's a downfall of computer mediated messaging in regards to irreversibility? |
Leaves an electronic copy that is permanent and easily spread across the web |
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What are the 6 stages of relationships? |
1. Contact 2. Involvement 3. Intimacy 4. Deterioration 5. Repair 6. Dissolution |
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Contact stage |
See, hear, read, smell - interacting contact that's superficial with preliminary info - first impression stage |
First impression stage |
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Involvement stage |
Being connected and learning more to see if initial impression is correct
- testing or intensifying - choose to stay, regress back, or continue to other stage |
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Intimacy stage |
Interpersonal commitment and social bonding
- talk about relationship to make public like with family and friends -become an identifiable pair of friends or lovers |
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Deterioration stage |
Interpersonal dissatisfaction or deterioration - lack of intimacy and closeness physically and emotionally - leads to either repair or dissolution |
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Interpersonal communication |
Unique, irreplaceable, requires understanding of the partner's psychological relationship with personally established rules |
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Environmental context |
Physical settings like location and weather |
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Dissolution stage |
Separation in social or public life - reestablish new life - divorce or break up - one of the individuals may fail to leave relationship and stuck in the past |
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Social Penetration Theory |
Describes relationship development from the perspective of self disclosure (sharing personal information) |
Core of relational development |
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Self disclosure |
Process of gradually penetrating deeper into understanding a person
Start from the outside superficial layer and move toward core (faster then slows down) - ex: peeling an onion
Is reciprocal, especially early on as vulnerability is reduced when it's mutually shared info |
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Depenetration |
Gradual process of layer by layer withdrawal going from depth to breadth layers |
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Social exchange theory |
Relationship behavior or status regulated by perceived rewards and costs of interaction
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Positive values of social exchange theory |
What you can do for me, physically attractive, financial support, unconditional love |
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Negative values of social exchange theory |
Amount of effort needed to maintain relationship, low income, unproductive, not romantic |
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Outcome |
Perceived rewards minus the costs of the relationship |
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Comparison Level (CL) |
Threshold above which a current relationship seems satisfactory |
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Comparison Level of Alternatives (CL alt) |
Best outcome available in alternative relationships -shaped by advice, past experiences, media set expectations - provides threshold to compare perceived alternatives of profits and benefits - measures stability of relationship |
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Situational context |
Where and when communication takes place |
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According to the social exchange theory, does the comparison level (CL) influence the durability of a relationship? |
No |
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Three primary dialectics |
1. Autonomy v Connections 2. Openness v Closeness 3. Novelty v Predictability |
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Autonomy |
Need to be an individual person with personal space and freedom |
Independent |
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Connection |
Need to be close and associate with others - basic need for affections |
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Openness v closeness |
Open sharing v privacy - Social Penetration Theory by sharing personal info a relationship can grow closer and stronger - need for closer relationship conflicts with privacy |
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Whenever self disclosing personal info... |
Thoughts, feelings, beliefs, attitudes, superficial demographics are subjected to positive and negative consequences for openness |
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Novelty v Predictability |
Like having routine and prior knowledge of habits but wants excitement |
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Polysemic |
Multiple meanings |
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Situational context |
Where and when communication takes place |
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Cultural context |
Influences cultural background and rules |
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Dominant encoding and decoding |
Decode=encode
Agreement between senders and receivers |
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3 Types of encoding and decoding |
Dominant, negotiated, oppositional |
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Interpersonal communication |
Verbal and nonverbal interaction between 2 or more interdependent
Always takes place in relationships and influences relational development |
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Impersonal relationship |
People respond according to social roles |
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Close relationship |
2 people in an interpersonal relationship characterized by ensuring bonds, emotional attachment, personal need fulfillment, irreplaceability |
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Unique interaction patterns |
How people communicate to each other is unique like inside jokes, experiences together, private info |
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3 characteristics of close relationships |
1. Emotional attachment 2. Need fulfillment 3. Irreplaceability |
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Close relationships fulfill... |
Affection, inclusion, and behavioral control |
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"Blended relationships" |
Person plays multiple roles as boundaries are unclear - coworker/significant other - sister/best friend |
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Interpersonal communication fulfills these goals... |
1. Self presentation goals 2. Relational goals 3. Instrumental (task oriented) goals |
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Burgoon and Hale 7 types of relational communication themes |
1. Dominance/ submission 2. Level of intimacy 3. Degree of similarity 4. Task social oriented 5. Formality/ informality 6. Degree of social composure 7. Level of emotional arousal and activation |
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Language |
System of symbols used to transfer meaning amongst themselves - different image but general meaning is the same - symbols are agreed upon so fluent speakers get the same meaning - inherently social |
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Semantics |
Study of words and their meanings |
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Syntax |
Study of word order |
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Dead language |
A language that exists but is not currently spoken/used |
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Speech acts |
Utterances with a performative function - each has unique function and set of conditions and requirements - ex: promise, interrogate, declare, question, ask |
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Pragmatics |
Context and social setting plays a role in language use - as circumstances change then the meanings change |
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Literal language |
Words used in basic or fundamental ways -" what's up?" |
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Implicature |
How people transfer meaning that is greater than what they literally are saying - people usually mean much more than what they say - "I'm cold" |
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Figurative language |
Uses previous knowledge of life and understanding of conversation to understand when to ignore literal meanings - metaphors, hyperbole, idioms |
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Speech rafe |
How fast you speak - faster means higher status |
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Speech rafe |
How fast you speak - faster means higher status |
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Lexical diversity |
How many unique words are uttered - more variety means higher status |
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Taboo Language |
Forbidden or prohibited words Arbitrarily named by society who decided it's negative and is not intrinsically negative Status changes over time as tolerance for words grow with frequent use |
swear words |
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Nonverbal Communication (NVC) |
The intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through non-spoken physical and behavioral cues |
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Principles of NVC |
1. NVC uses multiple channels (visual, body language, touch) 2. Ambigious with multiple interpretation 3. Has fewer rules (not made explicit) 4. Has more meaning 5. Influenced by context (relational, situational, cultural) 6. Influenced by gender 7. Liberated through technology 8.Nonverbal and verbal combine to create communication |
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Functions of NVC |
1. Conveys meaning (smile) 2.Expresses emotion (affect displays) 3. Presents ourselves to others 4. Deceive and detect deception 5. Helps manage interactions 6. Defines relationships (intimacy, dominance, and submissiveness) 7. Sends messages of power and meaning |
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How does NVC convey meaning (5) |
1. Reiterate and repeat (pointing) 2. Contradict (rolling eyes) 3. Complement and enhance messages (nod yes) 4. Regulate conversation (checking time on watch) 5. Replace (hello=waving) |
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Cultural orientations (3) |
1. Individualistic v collectivistic 2. High power distance v low power distance 3. High context v low context |
Differences in cultures |
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Individualistic v Collectivistic |
-privacy v closeness -talk v silence -distant proximity v live close -emotional v suppress emotional displays |
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High context v Low Context (ex) |
-Covert/implicit messages v overt/explicit messages -NVC v verbal -reserved v visible reactions -flexible time v time is organized -time is a process v time is a commodity to spend/save |
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High power distance v Low power distance (def) |
extent to which less powerful members of a cultural expect and accept that power is distributed unequally |
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Women gender roles/behaviors |
gaze more often, more animated, more NVC, higher pitch, able to read body language |
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Men gender roles/behaviors |
lean forward, personal space, less facial expressions, more assertive |
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NVC Codes |
kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics, chronemics, physical appearance, artifacts, environment |
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Kinesics |
visible body movements that send messages about attitude towards others, emotional state, and desire to control environment ex: facial expressions, affection, gesture, posture |
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Facial Expressions |
emotional info about ourselves and others ex: submissive v dominance, degree of involvement, level of comprehension, reactions are spontaneous or controlled |
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6 Universal Emotions |
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger SADFISH |
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Examples of kinesics |
gestures, expressions, eye contact, posture |
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Vocalics |
vocal characteristics used to NVC ex: tone, pitch, loudness, speech rate |
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Paralanguage impressions (vocalic examples) |
tone, pitch, volume, speech rate, articulation, pronunciation, hesitation/silence |
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Haptics |
using touch in NVC to communicate attitude, encourage affiliation, extent control/power ex: functional-professional, social-polite, friendship - warmth, love-intimacy, sexual-arousal, agressive-hostile |
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Functional-Professional (Haptics) |
accomplishes some task |
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Social-Polite (haptics) |
stems from social norms and expectations
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Friendship-warmth (haptics) |
liking for another person |
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Love-intimacy (haptics) |
conveys deep emotional feelings |
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Sexual-arousal |
intended to physically stimulate another person and not necessarily include love or intimacy |
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Proxemics |
communication through the use of physical distance functions: impression management, affiliation, privacy |
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Impression management ex (proxemics) |
ex: moving closer=like or dominance |
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Affiliation function ex (proxemics) |
ex: moving closer = friendship |
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Privacy function ex (proxemics) |
personal space |
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Territoriality |
tendency to claim physical space |
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Chronemics |
time usage during interpersonal encounter - m time and p time |
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Monochronic time (m-time) |
linear, segmented, scarce; tangible; low context -due dates, job 1st, not good at sharing, one track minded |
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Polychronic time (P-time) |
less tangible, not scheduled but people oriented, high context -easily distracted, result oriented, relationships 1st |
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What does pace reveal about a cultures attitude toward time? (past, present, future) |
-Past: history, future oriented cultures -Present: spontaneity and flexibility -Future: changes, optimism, youth |
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Physical appearance |
Visible attributes like hair, body type, and clothing ex: designer clothing = wealthy |
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Artifacts |
things we possess that express our identity to others ex: rugs/chandelier = wealthy |
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Environment |
physical features of our surroundings -Fixed: stable and unchanging (walls, ceilings, doors) -Semi-fixed: easy to change or temporary (furniture, lighting, color) |
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Intercultural Communication Imperatives (4) |
1. demographic 2. economic 3. technological 4. self-awareness |
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Demographic Imperative |
racial differences in the USA ex: work force of the new generation varies from the past |
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Economic imperative |
business endeavors flourish to encourage globalization ex: overseas market |
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Technological imperative |
media and internet allows us to be connected all the world -media, email, games, billboards - can find and understand cultures by internet -not constrained by how far we can travel as technology allows us to be connected past ethnic, geographical boundaries, and time |
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Self-awareness imperative |
allows us to be aware of our own self and our cultural identity -ethnocentrism |
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Ethnocentrism |
belief that our culture's way is the best or right way |
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Culture |
learned patterns of perception, values, and behavior shared by a group of people that are dynamic and heterogeneous - unique way in which we express universal similarities (how we eat, sleep, dress) |
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Involuntary cultures |
age, race, gender, sexual orientation, family -may be involuntary at first but can become voluntary -physical appearances that you can't control and are subjected to prejudiced and stereotyped |
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Voluntary cultures |
profession, political association, hobbies |
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Culture as an iceberg |
iceberg is only partly visible like how observed characteristics of a culture are on the surface -Above the surface: food, clothing, dancing, music, art, behavior, artifacts -Below the surface: norms, beliefs, and deeply held values and assumptions, learned ideas of what is acceptable |
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Dimensions of Culture |
1. Individualistic v Collectivistic 2. Power distance 3. Masculinity-Femininity 4. Uncertainty avoidance *5. Long term v short term orientation |
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Masculinity-Femininity |
degree to which masculine values (assertiveness/success) and feminine values (quality of life) are distributed between genders |
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Uncertainty Avoidance |
extent to which members of culture are tolerant of ambiguity and uncertainty and feel comfortable in unstructured situations |
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Geert Hofstede |
came up with the dimensions of culture |
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Resonance |
understanding that the intended meaning really resonates in the receiver |
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Transfer |
info being moved from one place to another |
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Ideational Perspective |
transfer of ideas that focuses on a physical transfer of the signal at the expense of shared knowledge |
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psycholinguistics |
Linguistic problems based on cognitive processes and understanding communication -tip of the tongue problem |
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uncertainty reduction theory |
communication is defined as process of reducing uncertainty |
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Turing Test - Allen Turing |
test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to or indistinguishable from that of a human -Eugene Goostman (13 year old Ukrainian boy computer) that technically passed the test |
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5 types of biases |
consistency, change, hindsight, egocentric, and stereotypical |
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Principles of Interpersonal Communication |
1. Consists of a variety of (non)verbal communication that can be exchanged through different channels (haptics/kinesics etc) 2. Communication is inevitable especially if face to face 3. Used to fulfill goals 4. Varies in effectiveness but tries to share intended message 5. Every message contains Content and relational info 6. Can be symmetrical or asymmetrical |
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Symmetrical communication |
people exchange similar relational info and messages ex: dominant/dominant (commands) ex: loving/loving (affection) |
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Asymmetrical communication |
people exchange different kinds of info ex: Dominant/passive or hate/love |
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Content level |
conveys info at a literal level |
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Relational level |
provides a context for interpreting message of a relationship Depends on tone (sarcastic), gestures/postures, and behavior (eye contact) |
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Linear Trajectory |
Communication characterized by increase in self disclosure and nonverbal affection as relationship gets closer |
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Nonlinear Trajectory |
ups/down and contradictions |
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