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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication
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The process by which people use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning.
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Relational Needs
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The essential elements people seek in their relationships with others.
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Instrumental Needs
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Practical, everyday needs.
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Model
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A formal description of a process.
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Action Model
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A model describing communication as a one-way process.
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Source
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The originator of a thought or an idea.
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Encode
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To put an idea into language or gesture.
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Message
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Verbal and nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning.
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Channel
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A pathway through which messages are conveyed.
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Receiver
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The party who interprets a message.
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Decode
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To interpret to give meaning to a message.
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Noise
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Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message; anything that distracts people from what they wish to listen to.
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Interaction Model
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A model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context.
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Feedback
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Verbal and nonverbal responses to a message.
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Context
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The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs.
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Transaction Model
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A model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver.
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Channel-rich Contexts
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Communication environments involving many channels at once.
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Channel-lean Contexts
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Communication environments involving few channels at once.
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Symbol
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A representation of an idea.
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Content Dimension
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Literal information that is communicated by a message.
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Relational Dimension
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Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated.
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Metacommunication
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Communication about communication.
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Explicit Rules
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Rules that have been clearly articulated.
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Implicit Rules
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Rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood.
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Intrapersonal Communication
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Communication with oneself.
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Interpersonal Communication
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Communication that occurs between two people in the context of their relationship.
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Small Group Communication
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Communication occurring within small groups of thee or more people.
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Public Communication
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Communication directed at an audience that is larger than a small group.
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Mass Communication
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Communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media.
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Communication Competence
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Communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation.
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Self-monitoring
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Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others.
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Empathy
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The ability to think and feel as others do.
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Cognitive Complexity
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The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways.
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Ethics
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Principles that guide judgments about whether something is morally right or wrong.
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Perception
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The process of making meaning from environmental experiences.
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Selection
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The process of paying attention to a certain stimulus.
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Organization
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The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention.
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Perceptual Schema
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A mental framework for organization information.
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Interpretation
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The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized.
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Stereotype
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A generalization about a group or category of people that is applied to individual members of that group.
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Primacy Effect
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The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception.
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Recency Effect
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The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception.
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Perceptual Set
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A person's predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants or expects to perceive.
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Attribution
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An explanation for an observed behavior.
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Self-serving Bias
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The tendency to attribute one's successes to stable internal causes and one's failures to unstable external causes.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes.
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Self-concept
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The set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also known as "identity".
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Identity
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The set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also known as "Self-concept".
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Johari Window
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A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others.
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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An expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.
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Self-esteem
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One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person.
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Image
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The way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others.
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Image Management
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The process of projecting one's desired public image.
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Life Story
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A way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one's self-concept but is also influenced by other people.
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Face
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A person's desired public image.
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Facework
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The behaviors people use to establish and maintain their desired public image with others.
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Face Needs
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Important components of one's desired public image.
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Fellowship Face
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The need to be liked and accepted by others.
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Autonomy Face
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The need to avoid being imposed upon by others.
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Competence Face
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The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent.
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Face-threatening Act
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Any behavior that threatens one or more face needs.
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Language
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A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
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Denotative Meaning
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The literal meaning of a word.
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Connotative Meaning
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The ideas or concepts a world suggests in addition to its literal definition.
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Loaded Language
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Words with strongly positive or negative connotations.
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Ambiguous Language
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Words that can have more than one meaning.
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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A theory that language shapes a person's views of reality.
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Credibility
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The extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy.
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Gossip
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Informal, and frequently judgmental, talk about people who are not present.
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Criticism
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The act of passing judgment on someone or something.
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Threat
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A declaration of the intention to harm someone.
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Persuasion
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The process of convincing people to think or act in a certain way.
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Anchor-and-contrast
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A persuasion technique by which one precedes a desired request with a request that is outrageously large.
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Norm of Reciprocity
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The expectation that favors are reciprocated.
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Social Validation Principle
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The idea that people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying.
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Euphemism
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A vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something blunter or harsher.
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Slang
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Informal and unconventional words often understood only within a particular group.
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Jargon
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Technical vocabulary of a certain occupation or profession.
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Defamation
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Language that harms a person's reputation or image.
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Profanity
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Language considered to be vulgar, rude, or obscene.
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Hate Speech
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Language used to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize specific groups of people.
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I-statement
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A statement that claims ownership of the communicator's feelings or thoughts.
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You-statement
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A statement that shifts responsibility for the communicator's feelings or thoughts to the other party in the communication.
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Listening
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The active process of making meaning out of another person's spoken message.
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Hearing
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The sensory process of receiving and perceiving sounds.
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Attending
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Paying attention to someone's words well enough to understand what that person is trying to communicate.
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HURIER Model
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A model describing the stages of effective listening as hearing, understanding, remembering, interpreting, evaluating, and responding.
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Mnemonics
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Devices that can aid short- and long-term memory.
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Informational Listening
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Listening to learn.
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Critical Listening
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Listening to evaluate or analyze.
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Empathic Listening
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Listening to experience what the speaker thinks or feels.
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Noise
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Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message; anything that distracts people from what they wish to listen to.
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Pseudolistening
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Pretending to listen.
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Selective Attention
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Listening only to what one wants to hear and ignoring the rest.
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Information Overload
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The state of being overwhelmed by the enormous amount of information encountered each day.
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Glazing Over
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Daydreaming or allowing the mind to wander while another person is speaking.
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Rebuttal Tendency
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The propensity to debate a speaker's point and formulate a reply while that person is still speaking.
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Closed-mindedness
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The tendency not to listen to anything with which one disagrees.
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Competitive Interrupting
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The practice of using interruptions to take control of the conversation.
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Confirmation Bias
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The tendency to pay attention only to information that supports one's values and beliefs, while discounting or ignoring information that does not.
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Vividness Effect
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The tendency of dramatic, shocking events to distort one's perceptions of reality.
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Skepticism
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An attitude that involves raising questions or having doubts.
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Audience Analysis
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Carefully considering the characteristics of one's listeners when preparing a speech.
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General Search Engine
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A website on which one can search for other websites containing information on a specified topic.
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Research Search Engine
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A website on which one can search for research published in books, academic journals, and other periodicals.
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Database
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An electronic storehouse of specific information that people can search.
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Survey
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A method of collecting data by asking people directly about their experiences.
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Interview
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A structured conversation in which one person poses questions to which another person responds.
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Questionnaire
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A written instrument containing questions for people to answer.
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Purpose Statement
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A declaration of the specific goal for a speech.
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Thesis Statement
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A one-sentence version of the message in a speech.
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Main Point
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A statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic.
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Topic Pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories.
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Time Pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order.
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Space Pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas.
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Cause-and-effect Pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences.
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Problem-solution Pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it.
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Transition
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A statement that connects one point in a speech to the next.
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Preview
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A statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic.
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Summary
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A statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker has already made.
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Signposts
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Single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another and help listeners follow the speaker's "path".
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Rule of Subordination
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A rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others.
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Rule of Division
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A rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints.
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Rule of Parallel Wording
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A rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure.
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Formal Outline
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A structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech.
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Bibliography
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A list of the sources used in preparing a speech.
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Speaking Notes
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An abbreviated version of a formal speech outline.
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Plagiarism
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Knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source.
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Verbal Footnote
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A statement giving credit for the words to their original source.
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Impromptu Speech
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A speech delivered with little or no preparation.
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Extemporaneous Speech
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A speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously.
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Scripted Speech
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A speech composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written.
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Memorized Speech
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A speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory.
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Stage Fright
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Anxiety or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience.
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Stress
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The body's reaction to any type of perceived threat.
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Anxiety
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A psychological state of worry and unease.
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Anticipatory Anxiety
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The worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech.
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Fight-or-flight Response
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A reaction that helps prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor.
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Visualization
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Developing a mental image, such as an image of oneself giving a successful performance.
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Desensitization
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The process of confronting frightening situations directly to reduce the stress they cause.
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Avatars
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Graphic representations of people.
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Articulation
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The extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly.
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Fluency
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The smoothness of a speaker's delivery.
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Stuttering
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A speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses.
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Presentation Aids
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Anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses.
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Text Slide
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An electronic display of text used to accompany a speech.
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Graphic Slide
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An electronic display of information in a visually compelling format.
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Table
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The display of words or numbers in a format of columns and rows.
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Chart
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A graphic display of numeric information.
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Pie Chart
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A graphic display of numbers in the form of a circle that is divided into segments, each of which represents a percentage of the whole.
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Line Chart
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A graphic display of numbers in the form of a line or lines that connect various data points.
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Bar Chart
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A graphic display of numbers as bars on a graph.
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Informative Speaking
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Publicly addressing others to increase their knowledge, understanding, or skills.
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Defining
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Providing the meaning of a word or concept.
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Etymology
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The origin or history of a word.
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Synonyms
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Words that have the same meaning.
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Antonyms
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Words that have opposite meanings.
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Describing
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Using words to depict or portray a person, a place, an object, or an experience.
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Representation
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Describing something in terms of its physical or psychological attributes.
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Narration
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Describing a series of events in sequence.
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Explaining
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Revealing why something occurred or how something works.
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Objective
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Based on facts rather than opinions.
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Subjective
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Biased toward a specific conclusion.
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Demonstrating
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Showing how to do something by doing it as it is explained.
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Vested Interest
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An inherent motivation to pay attention.
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Information Hunger
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The desire to learn.
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