Communication 1 Final

Front 1

Politeness across cultures

Back 1

saying thank you when you Trick or Treat, or when you get a gift, or eating food that's offered to you

Front 2

Proxemics across cultures

Back 2

Mediterranean countries like Greece have less space, Japanese use more space between social interactions

Front 3

Oculesics behaviors across cultures

Back 3

some African cultures consider it rude to look at the person talking

Front 4

Chronemics across cultures

Back 4

Scandinavian people arrive on time, Americans arrive 10-15 minutes late, Latin American/Ethiopians arrive a few hours late, Japanese wouldn't show up at all

Front 5

Monochronic cultures

Back 5

very time conscious; prefer tasks/people at one time (ex: Northern America and Northern Europe)

Front 6

Polychronic cultures

Back 6

deal with multiple tasks/people at once; schedules more fluid (ex: Latin America, Arab cultures, Africa)

Front 7

Countries that have an aversion to silence

Back 7

North America, North Europe

Front 8

Countries that only talk after comfortable

Back 8

East Asia, Africa

Front 9

Individualism

Back 9

emphasize individual goals, value self-esteem, self-reliance, independence, privacy

ex: if someone at a business meeting discovers a financial error, they will point it out and be rewarded for their attention to detail.

Front 10

Collectivism

Back 10

people perceive themselves as members of a group; emphasize group goals, value obligations/loyalty to group, social role/position

ex: if someone at a business meeting discovers a financial error, they will not point out who's fault it was, nor will they point out their own individual success in correcting the error.

Front 11

Low context cultures

Back 11

cultures such as the USA, Canada, Australia, Northern Europe - minimal attention to context, verbal directness is more important. emphasis on direct language and less reliance on situational factors. indirectness = confusion

ex: Germans feeling comfortable with saying "That's not right" or "I don't agree with that"

Front 12

High context cultures

Back 12

cultures such as Japan, Korea, China, Latin America - use contextual cues (such as time, place, relationship, and situation) to interpret meaning ad send subtle messages; are critical for understanding. nonverbals = indirectness

ex: Japanese person who disagrees with someone, may say "maybe" or "i'll think about it" or may not say anything at all.

Front 13

Understatement

Back 13

low intensity (low context, individualistic cultures). language that downplays emotional intensity

ex: the UK referring to a massive war as a period of "The Troubles"

Front 14

Hyperbole

Back 14

high intensity (high context, collectivist cultures)

ex: collectivist cultures typically use hyperbole - "the river ran red with the blood of the slaughtered

Front 15

The "traditional" solutions

Back 15

have intercultural knowledge, have lots of contact with different groups, accommodate a bit

Front 16

Problems with these solutions

Back 16

same/universal language (Esperanto) - accommodation is tied to group identity...

knowledge - can be used against people, can't learn it all.

contact - can actually reinforce inter-group biases

Front 17

Culture

Back 17

a system of thought and behavior, learned through communication, that reflects a group' shared beliefs, values, and practices

Front 18

Uncertainty avoidance

Back 18

our discomfort with the unknown.

Front 19

High uncertainty avoidance cultures

Back 19

use communication that is governed by formal rules to satisfy a need for absolute truth, correct answers, and stability. value consensus and have little tolerance for difference of opinion (Japan, Greece, Peru).

Front 20

Low uncertainty avoidance cultures

Back 20

low level of anxiety about the unknown - more comfortable with a variety of communication styles, and therefore are more tolerant of differences of opinion/less formal rules (Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, and the United States).

Front 21

Masculine cultures

Back 21

tend to place value on assertiveness, achievement, ambition, and competitiveness. (ex: Mexico, Japan, and Italy).

Front 22

Feminine cultures

Back 22

tend to value nurturance, relationships, and the quality of life. (ex: Scandinavian, Chile, Portugal).

Front 23

Power distance

Back 23

the degree to which cultures accept hierarchies among individuals.

(ex: In India, social status is far more stratified than in the USA.)

Front 24

Time orientation

Back 24

the way that cultures communicate about and with time.

Front 25

Social identity Theory

Back 25

notes that your social identity is based on your group membership, & your personal identity is your sense of unique individual personality.

Front 26

Ingroups vs Outgroups

Back 26

ingroup: the groups which we identity and to which we feel we belong to.

outgroup: those we define as "others"

ex: sports fan may use Facebook to support their fellow fans, and to denigrate those of rival teams.

Front 27

Co-cultures

Back 27

groups whose memberships share at least some of the general culture's system of thought while also having some distinct attitudes that unify and distinguish them from the general culture.

ex: I'm a republican. I'm a filmmaker.

Front 28

Salient

Back 28

refers to which group membership is brought to mind at a given moment.

ex: students often consider themselves ingroup members with fellow students and outgroup members with nonstudents. (UCSB vs SBCC)

Front 29

Ethnocentrism

Back 29

a belief in the superiority of your own culture/group and a tendency to view other cultures through the lens of your own.

ex: describing a peach colored dress as "flesh" colored, which implies that light-colored skin in the default standard.

Front 30

Discrimination

Back 30

behavior toward a person or group based solely on membership in a particular group.

ex: the (positive) stereotype of Asian Americans that characterizes them as quiet, hardworking, studious, and productive.

Front 31

Intercultural Sensitivty

Back 31

mindfulness of behaviors that may offend others.

ex: interpreting someone's direct eye contact as a mere cultural difference - (if you interpreted it as hostility, this would insensitivity)

Front 32

Intergroup contact theory

Back 32

suggests that interaction between members of different social groups can encourage positive attitudes.

ex: having contact with people who are different than you and viewing this as the chance to understand them better and learn something.

Front 33

Behavioral Affirmation

Back 33

seeing or hearing what we want to see or hear.

ex: if you think teenagers are lazy, then regardless of how much your 14 year old cousin studies, you won't see the effort.

Front 34

Behavioral confirmation

Back 34

when we act in a way that makes our expectations about a group come true.

ex: if you think your teenager cousin is lazy, you are more likely to give him tasks that require less effort.

Front 35

Convergence

Back 35

adapting your communication to be more like another individual's. usually results in a positive reaction, as saying "i am one of you."

ex: saying "Hola, Buenos dias!" to your Spanish waiter

Front 36

Overaccommodate

Back 36

going too far in changing your language, which can be perceived as negative/offensive.

ex: senior citizens often find it patronizing when younger people speak "down" to them.

ex: speaking slowly to your foreign waiter.

Front 37

Accommodation

Back 37

adjusting your language + nonverbal behaviors toward people you are communicating with.

ex: if you are talking to a child, and are squatting down to get eye contact + use basic vocabulary

Front 38

Intergroup Biases: Individuation and Subtyping

Back 38

individuate: separate one as an exception.

ex: "that one cop is an exception"

subtyping: split into two kinds of subgroups

ex: "there are two kinds of cops"

Front 39

Attributional Biases

Back 39

for ingroup members: positive action --> internal attribution. negative action --> external attribution.

for outgroup members: positive action --> external attribution. negative action --> internal attribution.

Front 40

How to improve intergroup communiation

Back 40

have an understanding of intergroup biases, have good communication w/ outgroup members, understand how history, politics, social, and economic factors shape identity

Front 41

Public Communication

Back 41

one speaker (or panel) to an audience, face to face but with a distance between speaker ad audience

Front 42

What makes public speaking effective?

Back 42

style and substance are important

Front 43

Effective Style

Back 43

appears “natural” as opposed to forced for insincere. reinforces (not distracts from) message. has variation (not monotonous). demonstrates immediacy

can be improved through preparation and rehearsal + effective notes

Front 44

Effective Substance

Back 44

the right message, delivered by the right source to the right audience.

how this works for persuasion: using comm to affect people's attitudes or behaviors

Front 45

Message strategies

Back 45

use of evidence (supporting arguments)

factual statements, statistics, or study findings

examples or personal testimonials

saying and/or quotations

analogies or metaphors

Front 46

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

The single most important judgement we make about a speaker

Back 46

relies on their credibility (and message delivery).

the impact of credibility on persuasion is greatest immediately after the message is received

Front 47

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

The four modes of delivery

Back 47

impromptu speaking (involves minimal preparation), reading from manuscript (formal and complete preparation), memorized speech (full preparation), and extemporaneous speaking (combination of impromptu & memorized).

Front 48

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

Two methods of speaking to an audience

Back 48

demographic (considering the general characteristics of your audience) and purpose-oriented analysis (asking yourself what info about the audience is the most important for your speaking purposes).

Front 49

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

extrinsic credibility

Back 49

the credibility a source is thought to have prior to the time he or she delivers the message

Front 50

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

intrinsic credibility

Back 50

the image that a speaker creates as a direct result of his or her speech

Front 51

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

Persuasability

Back 51

a listener's susceptibility to persuasion

Front 52

Tubbs Ch.13 Public Comm:

Persuasion theory:

Back 52

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 53

One-sided arguments are better when:

Back 53

audience agrees with you/leaning towards you already, not too much controversy, low familiarity with issue

ex: "Drink Coke"

Front 54

Two-sided arguments are better when:

Back 54

audience disagrees with you/wants to argue, controversial, high familiarity with issue

ex: "Pepsi vs. Coke"

Front 55

Message strategies: Positive Emotion Appeal

Back 55

vivid messages designed to arouse good feelings (amusement, hope, sentimentality)

effective if it "conditions" a response -- pair the good feelings with the argument/product

Front 56

Message strategies: Negative Emotion Appeal

Back 56

designed to arouse unpleasant feelings (guilt/shame, sadness, anger).

effective if they can target the persuader's way to remove the negative emotion (ex: donation)

Front 57

The Fear Appeal

Back 57

basic human needs are threatened (safety, personal relationships).

most effective when audience sees that the threat is serious or likely to happen to them

Front 58

Message strategies: Use of storytelling/myths

Back 58

telling a particular story... with persuasive goal as the "lesson" (or the product as the hero).

Front 59

Message strategies: appeals to higher order human needs

Back 59

social status (the "snob" appeal)

consensus (the "bandwaggon" approach)

Front 60

Affective component

Back 60

the degree to which we are willing to listen

ex: if you care about your roommate, you are more likely to listen to her while she vents to you about her midterm grade

Front 61

Cognitive component

Back 61

involves the mental processes of selecting messages to focus on + give our attention to.

ex: your roommate venting about her favorite show's season finale while your other roommates are watching Youtube, and you get multiple texts from your mom.

Front 62

Selecting vs. Attending vs. Understanding

Back 62

selecting (choosing one sound over others), attending (focusing on the message), and understanding (making sense of the message).

ex: selecting your texts from your mom, attending/replying to her questions about how college is going, and understanding that her text was a way of saying that she misses you.

Front 63

Behavioral component

Back 63

includes recalling information to communicate (remembering) and giving feedback (responding).

ex: if you don't recall what happened in your conversation w/ your roommate, they may get mad later when she tells you how her dilemma turned out and you stare vacantly at her.

Front 64

Active listeners

Back 64

motivated listeners that choose to select, attend, understand, remember, and respond.

Front 65

Passive listeners

Back 65

fail to make those choices; more likely to misinterpret messages, ignore them altogether, or need info repeated for them.

Front 66

Listening Fidelity

Back 66

the match of our thoughts and another person's thoughts and intentions though communication.

Front 67

People-oriented listeners

Back 67

have relationships in mind. concerned with feelings, are good at assessing other's moods, and can listen without judging.

Front 68

Action-oriented listeners

Back 68

focus on tasks, they organize their info concisely, they keep the discourse on track.

Front 69

Content-oriented listeners

Back 69

carefully evaluate what they hear. they attend to information from credible sources and critically examine the info from a variety of angles.

Front 70

Time-oriented listeners

Back 70

are concerned with efficiency. they favor clear, pertinent information and have little patience for speakers who talk too much or wander off topic.

ex: dad or taylor's mom (who i love)

Front 71

Informational listening

Back 71

when you listen to understand a message.

ex: attend a Comm 1 lecture, or listening to the weather report, or reading the NY Times

Front 72

Critical listening

Back 72

when you evaluate or analyze information, evidence, ideas, or opinions.

ex: when me and Dad went car shopping and had to listen to that guy who tried to sell us on 500 different cars

Front 73

Empathic listening

Back 73

when we try to feel how another person feels.

ex: all the appointments i had with my counselor last year

Front 74

Appreciative listening

Back 74

when the goal is simply to appreciate the sounds.

ex: listening to music with taylor, or going to see a movie with taylor, or watching stand-up comedy with taylor

Front 75

Listening barriers

Back 75

factors that interfere with our ability to comprehend information and respond appropriately.

ex: allergies, crying babies, hearing loss

Front 76

Listening apprehension

Back 76

anxiety or dread associated with listening, which can hinder concentration

ex: listening to your boss nag about your poor job performance, or listening to highly-detailed or statistical information

Front 77

Defensive listening

Back 77

responding with aggression and arguing with the speaker, without fully listening to the message.

ex: misinterpreting the behavior of your romantic partner and/or ignoring the advice of your friends

Front 78

Insensitive listening

Back 78

when we fail to pay attention to the emotional content of someone's message, and instead just take it at face value.

ex: if your friend tells you that they got rejected from Duke Law school, & that his LSAT scores made Duke a long shot, but you hear his message for the factual statement about the situation - ignoring the sadness in his voice.

Front 79

Selective listening

Back 79

zeroing in on bits of information that interest you, and disregarding the other stuff.

ex: ignoring your sister's comment that you are the "favorite" child & focusing on her ideas for the next family gathering.

Front 80

Monopolistic listening

Back 80

self-absorbed listening in order to control the communication interaction.

ex: if you vent to your friend about your relationship problems, and she's really only listening because she's interested in your boyfriend & wants to get a sense of your relationship's vulnerability.

Front 81

Pseudolistening

Back 81

pretending to listen while not really paying attention (nodding and saying "uh-huh").