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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three main circumstances where microbes migrate in large numbers to cause disease?
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1) Direct contact (touch, sex etc.) 2) Droplet infection (coughing, sneezing) 3) Contaminated food and drink |
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How do pathogens make you ill?
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They produce toxins and attack your immune system.
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What type of medicine is used to kill bacteria?
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Antibiotics such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin.
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Name two variations between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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Prokaryotic cells have no true nucleus, and are far smaller.
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What do vaccinations contain?
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A dead or inactive version of a pathogen.
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Why won't a vaccine for German measles also prevent common measles?
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Antibodies are only suited to specific antigens. This means that they cannot identify other forms of measles.
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Why is it beneficial to vaccinate a large population of people?
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You can stop the spread of disease and less people will fall ill.
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What are the 3 factors that limit growth in a petri dish?
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1) Low oxygen 2) Low nutrients 3) Low temperature |
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What is antibiotic resistance?
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When bacteria cannot be killed by antibiotics due to overexposure.
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What are the two types of cell involved in attacking microbes?
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1) Phagocyte (engulfs and ingests pathogens) 2) Lymphocyte (releases antibodies and antitoxins) |
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What do carbohydrates contain and what are they used for?
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Glucose- used for energy by the body.
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What do proteins contain and what are they used for?
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Amino acids- used for growth and repair.
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What do fats contain and what are they used for?
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Fatty acids and glycerol- used for energy storage.
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Why don't antibiotics cure viruses?
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Viruses live within cells. This means that when you try to kill a virus, you kill the cell too.
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Give an example of a virus (plants or animals).
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Measles/HIV/Tobacco Mosaic
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Give an example of a bacterial disease.
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Salmonella/Gonorrhoea
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Give an example of a fungal disease.
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Athlete's foot/Rose black spot
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Give an example of a disease caused by protists.
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Amoebic dysentery/Malaria
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What is a pandemic?
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A disease that threatens people in a whole country or even globally.
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What is MMR and what does it stand for?
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A vaccination given to young kids to prevent Measles, Mumps and Rubella.
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What are the symptoms for HIV?
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Flu-like, infection as immune system collapses.
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What do tears and earwax contain that combats disease?
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Bactericide
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What is the name of the cells found in the trachea that waft mucus out of the body?
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Ciliated cells
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Give an example of a chemical defence (plants or animals).
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Mint, garlic and witch hazel all contain antibacterial properties.
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What physical defences do plants have?
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A cell wall, bark and waxy cuticles (especially on holy leaves).
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What is the role of a waxy cuticle?
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To prevent the damage of leaves (acid rain, insect infestations)
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Give an example of a mechanical defence.
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Curling leaves/thorns/spines/needles
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What was fox glove used for as a natural medicine?
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Heart problems
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What was willow used for?
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Painkilling (aspirin)
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What are the two things we need from a drug?
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1) Effectiveness 2) Safe use |
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How are new drugs developed?
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The Scientists Seek Cures And Save Patients' Lives. = Target, search, synthesise, cells, animals, students, patients, licence. |
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What is a monoclonal antibody and what can it be used for?
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It's an identical antibody that is made from one type of cell. It can be used for pregnancy tests and delivering drugs to cells.
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What is a hybridoma?
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A hybrid made from lymphocytes and tumour cells. They can divide rapidly, be grown externally, live long and destroy pathogens.
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