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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Potter's box
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Definintions, values, principles, loyalties, actions
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Basic ethical guidelines
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Seek and report truth
Minimize harm Act independently Be accountable |
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Typical internal policies
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Don't accept free tickets
Don't accept gifts more than token value Don't participate in politics Don't do outside PR work Don't conduct interviews w/o proper advance disclosure Don't publish photos of deceased |
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Acculturation
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Tendency for media reporters to become aligned over time w/ attitudes, opinions, and even practices of those they cover extensively--not necessarily bad unless it affects their news reporting
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1700s newspaper
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"Revolutionary Press"
Peter Zenger defied Brits Declaration of Independence published in Penn. Evening Post |
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Into 1830s
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"Political Press"
By 1800 most cities had daily paper In late 1820s first minority papers show up |
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Mass audience fostered by
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steam press
public schools in 1830s |
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Penny Presses
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1833 New York Sun first penny paper
Featured human interest, avoided politics Revolutionized economic basis, distribution |
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Modern Era
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Individual owners emerged 1880s-1900
Introduction of "objectivity," mass appeal Unstable telegraphy=inverted pyramid |
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Yellow Journalism
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"smarmy investigations"
Headlines, modern-type layouts |
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Early 20th century
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Consolidation, less competition
Tabloid papers (NY Daily News) |
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Great Depression
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Paper income dropped 20%
66 papers died Advertising competition from radio |
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Post WWII
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More consolidation
More ad competition Color, graphics, short stories, classified ads |
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Newspaper industry today
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Less cities w/ competing papers
Conglomeration: Large owners buying more and more papers |
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Newspaper ownership
Gannet |
USA Today
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Knight-Ridder
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Philidelphia Inquirer
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Advance Publications
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Cleveland Plain-Dealer
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New York Times Co.
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New York Times
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Tribune Co.
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Chicago Tribune
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Attributes that contribute to increase in readership
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Age
Education Household income |
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Daily circulation of newspaper
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54 Million
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Sunday circulation of newspaper
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58 million
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Top circulation paper
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USA Today
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Had first idea for magazine
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Benjamin Franklin
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Beat first thinker in getting out magazine
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Andrew Bradford
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Brought bulk mail, helped magazine industry
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Postal Act of 1870
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First continuing human interest magazine and first to use national advertising
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Ladies' Home Journal
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Magazines from WWI to WWII
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Reader's Digest, Time (news compartmentalized), Life and Look (pictoral magazines)
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Magazines post WWII
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Movement back to specialty magazines
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Modern Magazine
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Industry highly volatile
Declining ad revenues=forced closures Legal and marketing pressures 700 mags start each year; 60% fail Online mags (like Slate) now exist |
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AM Radio
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Amplitude Modulation
-Lengthy signal -Clear regional, local channels -Stations declined since '75 |
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FM Radio
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Frequency modulation
-Short range signal -Better quality sound -Less outside interference |
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Average household has ___ radio receivers
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Six
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Invented wireless morse code
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Guglielmo Marconi
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Invented high speed generator to broadcast voice signals
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Reginald Fessenden
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Invented vacuum tube for radio reception
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Lee De Forest
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Communications Act of ____
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1934
Formed FCC |
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Telelcommunications Act of ___
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1996
Opened marketplace to consolidation |
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The tendency of the human perceptual system to perceive continuous motion between two stationary points of light that blink on and off
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Phi phenomenon
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The quality of the human eye that enables it to retain an image for a split second
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Persistence of vision
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Huge conglomerate owners
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Disney
Viacom NBC Universal MGM/United Artists Time Warner Sony News Corporation |
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Factors hurting attendence
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Social theater environment eroding
Sacrificing relationships w/ theater-goers for short-term profits (commercials, no ushers) Ready alternatives offer better experiences Rising prices Demographics (baby boomers go to movies less often) Declining quality of movies |
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How many U.S. TV markets?
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210
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Percent of U.S. homes w/ TVs
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99%
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Diagrammed idea for TV in high school
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Philo T. Farnsworth
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Invented primative camera tube in 1928
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Vladimir Zworykin
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Year of BBC's first broadcast
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1930
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Golden days of TV
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1950s
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These programs, and genres, fueled TV sales
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Ed Sullivan, live TV, Western dramas
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Golden days of TV News
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1960s (newscasts lengthened for Kennedy funeral, civil rights events, Vietnam War, and landing on the moon)
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1970s-2000 In TV
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Growing concern over content
Competition for networks Continued growth of cable Growth of advertising revenue Growth of VCRs: 5% in '82, 95% in 2000 Remote control Direct satellite in '94 |
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Analog TV
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Scanned electron beam creates image in flourescent screen
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Digital TV
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Pixels assigned to digital code
-clearer picture -higher quality sound -wider screen -screen can be subdivided |
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Ethics
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How we live our lives, what is right or wrong
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Established principles which are enduring; typical in U.S. and Western world
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Absolute Ethics
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Situational ethics
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Ethical views depend on the situation; typical of Japan and Asian societies
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Tendency for reporters to become aligned over time with attitudes, opinions, and even practices of those they cover extensively
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Acculturation
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Potter's box
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Definition, values, principles, loyalties, action
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Basic ethical guidlines
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Seek and report the truth
Minimize harm Act independently Be accountable |
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Defamation
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Affects reputation
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Protection of privacy
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Protects peace of mind
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Fair comment
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Fair critique of performance of a public official
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Laws allowing press access to government info
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-1996 Freedom of Information Act
-1996 Electronic Freedom of Information Act -Sunshine Laws |
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Obscenity supposed to be determined according to _____
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Community standards
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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Essentially deregulated industry
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8 steps in communication process
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-source
-process of encoding -message -channel -process of decoding -receiver -potential for feedback -possibility of noise |
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Interpersonal communication
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face to face
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Machine-assisted interpersonal communication
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Machines assist in the communication between two people
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Mass Communication
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communication from one source to many audiences
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Medium
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channel by which the message is communicated
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Traits of Media Entities
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-large and formal organizations
-many gatekeepers |
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Motivations of media entities
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-profit
-competition |
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"No one is in charge."
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Thomas Friedman, about the internet
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Three types of media convergence
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-corporate
-operational -device |
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Disintermediation
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elimination of "middle man"
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Author of the book
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Dominick
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Three views of mass comms.
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-functional approach
-critical/cultural approach -social approach |
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Functional approach
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Examines how various individuals and audiences use the mass media--best understood by asking the question (of each consumer): "What's in this for me?"
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Percent of waking hours spent using media of some kind
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68.8%
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Cognition
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Keeping abreast of events and analyzing issues or information for your own development
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Diversion
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Stimulation, relaxation, and release
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Social Utility
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"conversational currency"
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Withdrawal
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disassociating from life, creating buffer between yourself and others
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Surveillance
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-warn us
-inform us |
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Notion of "status conferral"
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belief that if you really matter you'll get media coverage, and if you really, really matter you'll get media attention
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Interpretation role of media
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-gatekeeper
-editorial opinion and commentary -analysis w/in "factual content" -subtle message slants... |
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-Percent of TV that's entertainment
-Percent of newspaper |
75%
12% |
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Technological Determinisim
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Belief that whatever happens in a society, technology alone makes it happen
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Seven milestones in human communication
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-language
-writing -printing press -electromagnetic communications -images -home entertainment -digital era |
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A persisting oral culture today
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"talk story" in Polynesian cultures
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Sign writing
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Originated in 3500 BC in Sumeria
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Phonetic Writing
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Alphabet
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Social consequences of writing
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Facilitated:
-enduring body of knowledge -Greek and Roman empires -gap between the elite and the masses |
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Printing press
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invented in 1453 by Johann Gutenberg
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Consequences of printing press
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Facilitated:
-literacy -research -news -extension of books and knowledge to masses |
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Telegraph
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invented early 1800s, transported info at 186,000 miles/second
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Telephone
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invented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, sent voice waves over telegraph wires
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First box camera
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produced by Kodak in 1890s
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Early pictures
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either posed or still
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Half-tone process
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helped put photos in papers and magazines in the early 1900s--ushered in era of photojournalism
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Motion pictures (5 points)
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-almost exclusively a U.S. invention
-enabled by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration that created audiences -movie-going forever changed entertainment landscape -appealed to all classes -changed journalism through broadcast newsreels, 1910 through 1950s |
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Radio in home entertainment
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-went commercial in Roaring 20s
-by 1940s, U.S. families spent four hours per day listening to radio -brought in "prime time" concept |
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Philo T. Farnsworth
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The "forgotten father of television"
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First TV broadcasts
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1936 by BBC
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NBC's beginning of operations
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1939
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how many TV sets in U.S. by 1951
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10 million
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Time Magazine's comment about color TV when it first came out
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"the most resounding industrial flop of 1956"
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Cultural impacts of TV
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-instant info in full color
-major consumer of time (average high school graduate has spent more time watching TV than in school; average household has TV on 7 hours) -transformed politics; sound bites and special events over substance -major exporter of U.S. culture |
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Satellites, computers, and digitization have fueled exponential growth in:
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-the capacity of global systems
-the amount of info generated -speed w/ which info is transmitted |
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First satellite
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launched by Russia, Sputnik I in 1956
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Communiations Satellite Act of 1962
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regulation attempts resulted in COMSAT
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First Geosynchronous satellite
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launched in 1965, Early Bird; marked real beginning of global satellite communications
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How many satellites launched a year these days?
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20
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How much does each satellite cost about?
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$75 million
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by the late 90s, how many satellites were operating
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nearly 3 million
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Telecommunications industry's annual global revenues
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exceeding $500 billion
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ARPANET
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early rendition of internet created in 1969 for U.S. Department of Defense
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First time internet is introduced as a term
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1982
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Internet commercialized
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1987
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Worldwide web
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developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
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"surfing the internet"
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Jean Amour Polly
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How many people have internet access?
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730 million
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Chain of expanding Global Village
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interaction of people=
increase interest in information= pressure on govts to offer more freedom= increases in market for media= more information= even greater interest= (and it starts again!) |
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CNNI
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(CNN international) reaches hotels and 100 million homes in 200+ countries
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BBC's World Service
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Radio station, 140 million listeners in 43 languages
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Voice of America
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International radio station, started in 1950s, broadcasts to Europe and Asia
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Power
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"The capacity to effect outcomes...to get things done" (Henry Mintzberg)
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Ways government control media
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-owning the media and reporters
-setting policy by which media function -issuing licenses -regulating airwaves -regulating print |
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Media power in democratic nations (4 points)
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-media role is to act as watchdog
-media set agendas that move governments (civil rights, watergate, etc.) -the "CNN effect" (tv puts far-away issues in minds of people and govts.) -media obsessions (conflict, scandals, U.S. media for brevity, etc.) |
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"[Media owners] have their own political agenda.... They exert a homogenizing power over ideas, culture and commerce that affects populations larger than any in history."
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Ben Bagdikian
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"The media appear to have less power than the average person assumes; media effects on audiences are relatively minor."
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Joseph Klapper
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Outcomes affected by media
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-Changing people (getting them to do certain things or believe certain things)
-changing society (getting a group of people, community or even nation to change, immediately or over time) -changing organizations, including local, state/provincial/prefecture, or even national governments |
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Four Media theories
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-libertarian media theory
-social responsibility media theory -authoritarian media theory -soviet media theory |
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Libertarian media theory
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-John Stuart Mill
-"Free marketplace of ideas"-best recognized while worst fail -based on individual rights of free speech, freedom of religion, freedom of press, freedom of assembly -completely unfettered media-no control or constraints |
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Social Responsibility media theory
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-arose around 1860s
-media are form of public stewardship -unlimited media lead to irresponsibility -media are still free, police themselves: "self-regulation" -codes of professional conduct -councils for dealing with violations |
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Authoritarion media theory
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-governments are quasi-democratic to authoritarian and "paternalistic"
-media "privately owned" but usually licensed -media cover anything as long as they are "responsible" and don't "criticize the king" -best describes Daily Universe and administrative relationship |
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Soviet media theory
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-media controlled completely by the state, or national government
-soviets viewed role positively, as provider of information and builder of cultural values |
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Development media theory
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-prevalent throughout world of developing nations
-governments believe society needs to be "nurtured" toward economic growth -media are major tools in that process -media role is to educate masses toward economic and social growth -licenses allocated (and taken away) by government |
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Democratic-participant media theory
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-supports media on much smaller scale--very localized
-challenges necessity of large, centralized, or commercialized media -local media must be interactive vehicles for everyone involved -favor "horizontal" interaction--everyone on equal grounds |
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Media roles by country
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Communist:
-government propaganda, persuasion Developing nations: -rally masses for economic development Western Media, U.S.: -government watchdog -commercial catalyst |
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Effects of media (6 points)
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-contingencies
-agenda setting -socialization -cultivation -TV advertising -exposure and congnition |
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Media effects landmarks
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1920s: media as "magic bullet"
1940s: two-step flow hypothesis 1960s: Klapper's no effects at all 1970s: limited effects within other contexts |
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Theory of selectivity
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proposes that people interact with media selectively, by choice (selective attention or exposure, selective perception, selective retention)
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Agenda framing
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media DO tell us what to think AND how to think about it
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Agenda building
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how stories are portrayed over time
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"media are not so successful in telling people what to think as what to think about"
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Bernard Cohen
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Catalysts of socialization (6 points)
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-parents
-siblings -peers -school -experience -media |
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Media as socializer
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-source of information
-influencer of attitudes and belief |
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1970s FCC ruled children need protection from ads because:
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-children are vulnerable
-children can be more easily deceived by exaggerated claims -early disappointments can lead to cynical consumer behavior |
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How many voters have already made up their minds before campaigns begin
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2/3
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