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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Maintenance of Public Health in Australia
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Australia at the moment does not have a national centre for Control of Diseases and this responsibility falls to each state and territory to manage
The Government does have powers to control diseases and their outbreaks through: Office of Health Protection Quarantine (Quarantine Act 1908) National Security (National security Act (2007) Coordination, analysis and advice for controlling communicable diseases is done by The Communicable Disease Network of Australia (CDNA), with the support of the Office of Health Protection. The CDNA then reports to the Australian Health Protection Principal Committee (AHPPC). which may exert operational control if there is a national communicable disease emergency |
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maintain public health
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Regulating standards
Licensing preparation of foods Developing community education programs Encouraging regular health checks and providing specialist information centres e.g.; infectious diseases and STD Reserves right to intervene in public and private lives of citizens in regards to threat to public health Compulsory treatment |
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In Victoria: VICNISS
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Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System whose primary aim of is to lower the number of infections acquired in Victorian hospitals. VICNISS collects and analyses data on individual hospitals and reports this information back to the hospitals and the Department of Health. You can read more about VICNISS at this link http://www.vicniss.org.au/
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Communicable diseases :
Reporting to the State Who must Report? |
Medical Practitioner
In some cases the pathologist In some states e.g. WA the occupier of the premises e.g. a school |
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Who must be notified?
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People who the person with the communicable disease have been in contact with, and the details of their contacts
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Reporting to the State
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Certain diseases are transmitted (communicable) via air-conditioning, waterways, food, sexual activity, animals, vectors etc
Government needs to be aware of causes, carriers in order to control the disease and protect the public via Report to: Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing |
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(NNDSS)
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National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance
The NNDSS can be viewed at this website http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-surveil-nndss-nndssintro.htm Collates information about more than 50 communicable diseases or disease groups in Australia and publishes to the Web for the public to view NNDSS report to the CDNA http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi3601atoc.htm Under table of contents on this page you can click on the disease groups to view the data collected about the incidence of disease in those groups |
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Pathogenic bacteria
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cause harm to the body they are able to get into and
reproduce overcrowd the resident healthy bacteria, grow in tissues that are normally sterile, thus causing disease emit toxins that cause damage to the body's cells and tissues |
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Common pathogenic bacteria
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include:
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Escherichia coli and Salmonella
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cause food poisoning
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Helicobacter pylori
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cause inflammation of the lining of the stomach and gastric ulcers.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae is
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gonorrhoea
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Neisseria meningitidis is
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meningitis
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Staphylococcus aureus
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causes a variety of infections in the body, including boils, cellulitis, abscesses, wound infections, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and food poisoning
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Streptococcal bacteria
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cause a variety of infections in the body, including pneumonia, meningitis, tonsilitis and strep throat.
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These bacterial diseases are
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contagious and can result in complications that are serious or life-threatening
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Common Diseases Caused by Bacteria
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Infections caused by Cocci Bacteria
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Cocci are
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are bacteria that are round in shape. In identifying the cocci bacteria it can be broken down into gram negative and gram-positive cocci. Remember from the first session how gram +ve or –ve is determined by the Gram staining process
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A Coccus is
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a single cell by itself (may be a group but not attached)
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A Disease caused by monococci
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a type of meningitis
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Diplococcic are
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the cocci found bunched together in pairs
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Some Diseases cause by Dilpococci
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Gram –ve Cocci
Gonorrhoea Meningitis |
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Streptococci
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in chains
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Some Diseases caused by streptococci include:
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Streptococci pneumoniae (Gram +ve)
Streptococcus pyogenes (Gram +ve) (scarlet fever, streph throat, tonsillitis |
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Staphylococci
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in Greek means bunch of grapes which really depicts their shape as the bacteria are found in clusters
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Staphylococci aureus
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aureus = gold
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Common
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Rod shaped Bacteria: gram +ve or gram -ve
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Gram -ve Baccilli Bacterial Diseases
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Pseudomonas
Legionnaires Whooping cough (petussis) E-coli Salmonella Haemophilus influenzae Typhoid fever |
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Gram +ve Baccilli Bacterial Diseases
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Tuberculosis
Tetanus Diphtheria Anthrax Tooth decay |
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bacterium spirochete
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Lyme Disease and Syphillis
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Common Diseases caused by Viruses
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The most common as we all have experience is the common cold
Chickenpox Herpes Simplex I (cold sores) and Simplex II (Genital Herpes) Mumps, measles and rubella Shingles: related to the chicken pos virus that hides in the nerve tracts |
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Other Viral diseases include:
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS)
Human papillomavirus (HPV) Infectious mononucleosis (Glandular fever) Viral gastroenteritis (stomach flu) Viral hepatitis Viral meningitis Viral pneumonia Flu (influenza) Mosquito borne viruses (Ross river virus, Barmah State Forrest virus, Dengue Fever) Hepatitis B & C |
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Transmission: Viral diseases are quite contagious
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air-borne droplets
contaminated food or drinking water sexual contact with an infected person (STI) Indirect transmission: vector coming into contact with contaminated surfaces or body fluids |
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Treatment: Viral diseases
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Viral infections are not treatable with anitbiotics
Some infections are treated with anti virals medication or topical creams Generally common viral infections like the cold or flu are self limiting and symptoms are treated with over the counter medications such as panadol etc, the person should have lots of rest and the body should fight it off in a short period of time. Some viral infections such as HIV require antiviral medication to prevent the infection taking over the body although there is no treatment available as yet for its cure |
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Vaccines
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many of the viruses mentioned have preventative treatments such as Vaccines which are given as a child and may have boosters in follow up years
Hepatitis C has no vaccine but there are treatments which cures the person in 80% of cases No Treatment for Hep B just vaccinations to prevent contracting the disease (done in secondary school) |
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Common Diseases Caused by Fungi
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Most commonly people with a lowered resistance and who are immune-compromised.
However can affect healthy individuals as well when the environment is ideal for growth and function termed "opportunistic organisms" |
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Prototheca cutis:
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non photosynthesising Algae
Live in sewerage and the soil cause algae infections of the skin can also get into the body causing systemic infection can affect the immuno compromised |
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Common Diseases Caused by Protozoa
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As you learnt in the last session Protozoas are parasites that live in a host and derives it's food source from that host
Transmission occurs through a fecal-oral route (for example, contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact). Some Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans and require a vector to be transmitted to other humans (mosquito or sand fly bite). Once inside the host they are able to multiply which assists in their survival This also causes serious infections to develop from just one single organism. |
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Cryptosporidium Parvum:
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found in faeces of infected human & animals
Gastrointestinal infection that is transmitted from human to human. HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS Outbreaks are associated with swimming pools as when an infected person swims in it they can easily pass on the infection to others Children defecating in pools or even changing nappies near the pool edge highly resistant to chlorine the person swimming takes water into their mouth and swallows the parasite |
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Giardia lamblia
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Is a parasite that lives in soil, food, and water
Travelers commonly pick up giardia especially if camping and drinking untreated water A person is likely to become infected if they: A family member has giardia Drink water from where animals have left their waste Eat raw or undercooked food that is contaminated Have unprotected anal sex Incubation period: 7-10 days |
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Malaria
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Parasitic protozoa: Plasmodium
Transmitted by vector: Anopheles mosquito causes infection in both the human host and insect hosts 500 hundred million people in Africa, India, South East Asia and South America are exposed to endemic malaria 2.5 million people die from it annually (just under half are children) |
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Common Diseases Caused by Helminths
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These 2 helminths are common to the tropical areas in Australia:
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Lymphatic Filiariasis
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Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of which the adult worms only live in the lymphatic system. This is a tropical disease and is spread from person to person by mosquitoes.
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Strongyloid stercoralis:
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A round worm
Commonly occurs in tropical regions One of the only helminths that secrete larvae instead of eggs Larvae burrows into the skin and quickly multiplies and travels to the lungs It is coughed up by the host and then swallowed entering the digestive system and burrowing into the small intestine All of the larvae that reach the intestines are female they go though a maturation phase and can reproduce asexually It then produces larvae which are either shed in faeces or travel to the lungs to start the whole process over again Strongyloides are able to replicate in the host without causing any symptoms and may reside in the body for many years without being detected going through the life cycle over and over again..... Diagnosis is extremely important as if a person that has Strongyloidiasis becomes immunocompromised persons or if they receive corticosteroids will be at risk of dying. Travellers in areas where the stongyloides is prevelent should wear foot wear to protect against picking up the larvae on their feet |
