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32 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sodium (Na+)
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135-145 mEq/L
Think "confusion" |
Increased: Corticosteroid therapy, dehydration, impaired renal function, primary aldosteronism
Decreased: Addison’s disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, diuretic therapy, excessive loss from gastrointestinal tract, excessive perspiration, water intoxication |
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Potassium (K+)
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3.5-.50 mEq/L
Think "heart rhythms, then muscles" |
Increased: Addison’s disease, diabetic ketosis, massive tissue destruction, renal failure
Decreased: Cushing syndrome, diarrhea (severe), diuretic therapy, gastrointestinal fistula, pyloric obstruction, starvation, vomiting |
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Calcium (Ca++)
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8-10 mg/dL
Think "muscles" |
Increased: Acute osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, multiple myeloma, vitamin D intoxication
Decreased: Acute pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, liver disease, malabsorption syndrome, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency |
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Magnesium (Mg++)
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1.5-2.5 mEq/L
Think "nerves" - MagSulfate for preeclampsia |
Increased: Addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, renal failure
Decreased: Chronic alcoholism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, severe malabsorption |
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Chloride (Cl-)
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96-106 mEg/L
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Increased: dehydration, Cushing's syndrome or kidney disease. Hyperchloremia also occurs when too much base is lost from the body (producing metabolic acidosis) or when a person hyperventilates (causing respiratory alkalosis).
Decreased: low blood sodium, prolonged vomiting or gastric suction, emphysema or other chronic lung diseases (causing respiratory acidosis), and with loss of acid from the body (called metabolic alkalosis). |
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Glucose
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70-120 mg/dL
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Blood urea nitrogen
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10-30 ug/dL
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Increased: protein catabolism (fever, stress), renal disease, urinary tract infection.
Decreased: Malnutrition, severe liver damage |
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Ph (blood)
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7.35-7.45
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Increased: Alkalosis
Decreased: Acidosis |
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PaCO2
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35-45 mmHg
Think "Metabolic" |
Increased: Compensated metabolic alkalosis
Decreased: Compensated metabolic acidosis |
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PO2
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75-100 mm Hg
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Increased: Administration of high concentration of oxygen
Decreased: Chronic lung disease, decreased cardiac output |
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HCO3
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22-26 mmHg
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Increased: Compensated respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
Decreased: Compensated respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis |
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SaO2
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95 – 98%
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Increased: Polycythemia
Decreased: Anemia, cardiac decompensation, respiratory disorders |
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Red blood cells (RBC)
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4.6-6.2 mil/mm3 (males)
4.2-5.4 mil/mm3 (females) 3.2-5.2 mil/mm3 (children) |
Increased: Dehydration, high altitudes, polycythemia vera, severe diarrhea
Decreased: Anemia, leukemia, posthemorrhage |
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White blood cells (WBC)
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4800-10,800 mm3
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Increased: Inflammatory and infectious processes, leukemia
Decreased: Aplastic anemia, side effect of chemotherapy and irradiation |
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Hemoglobin (Hgb)
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13-18 g/dL (males)
12-16 g/dL (females) 11-12.5 g/dL (children) |
Increased: COPD, high altitudes, polycythemia
Decreased: Anemia, hemorrhage |
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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42-52% (males)
37-48% (females) 35-45% (children) |
Increased: Dehydration, high altitudes, polycythemia
Decreased: Anemia, hemorrhage, overhydration |
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Aspartate transaminase (AST)
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8 - 40 IU/L (males)
6 - 34 IU/L (females) |
a more specific indicator of liver inflammation than the AST, as the AST may also be elevated in diseases affecting other organs, such as the heart or muscles in myocardial infarction, also in acute pancreatitis, acute hemolytic anemia, severe burns, acute renal disease, musculoskeletal diseases, and trauma
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Alanine transaminase (ALT)
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1-45 U/L
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It is commonly measured clinically as a part of a diagnostic liver function test, to determine liver health
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Bleeding time
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3.0-9.5 min
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Increased: Aspirin ingestion, defective platelet function, thrombocytopenia, vascular disease, von Willebrand’s disease
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International normalised ratio (INR)
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2.0-3.0
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With warfarin therapy, you want it 2:1.
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Platelets
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150,000-450,000 /mm3
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Increased: Acute infections, chronic granulocytic leukemia, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, collagen disorders, polycythemia, postsplenectomy
Decreased: Acute leukemia, DIC, thrombocytopenic purpura |
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Prothrombin time (PT)
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11-14 sec
Think "warfarin" |
Increased: Deficiency of factors I, II, V, VII, and X; liver disease; vitamin K deficiency; warfarin therapy |
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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<40sec
Think "heparin" |
Deficiency of factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII; hemophilia; heparin therapy; liver disease
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Albumin
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3.5-5.0 g/dl
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Increased: Dehydration
Decreased: Chronic liver disease, malabsorption, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome, pregnancy |
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Ammonia
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30-70 mcg/dl
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Increased: Severe liver disease
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Total bilirubin
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0-1.5 mg/dL
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Increased: Biliary obstruction, hemolytic anemia, impaired liver function, pernicious anemia, prolonged fasting |
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Total protein
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6.0-8.0 gm/dL
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Increased: Burns, cirrhosis (globulin fraction), dehydration
Decreased: Congenital agammaglobulinemia, liver disease, malabsorption |
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Urine Specific gravity
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1.010-1.030
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Increased: Albuminuria, dehydration, glycosuria Decreased: Diabetes insipidus |
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Urine Ph
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4.0-8.0
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Increased: Chronic renal failure, compensatory phase of alkalosis, salicylate intoxication, vegetarian diet
Decreased: Compensatory phase of acidosis, dehydration, emphysema |
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Therapeutic Digoxin level
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0.8-2.0 ng/mL
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Therapeutic Lithium level
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0.8-1.2 mEq/L
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Four negatives in Urine
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Glucose, RBC, WBC, Albumin
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