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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What principal should goals be based on? |
S.M.A.R.T.E.R |
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What does the S in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Specific- goals should relate directly to the task e.g. a footballer may wat to improve the % of successful interceptions they make in a game from an average of 40% to 60% |
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What does the M in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Measurable- goals should be evaluated and measured against previous performances e.g. counting the number of successful interceptions over game, putting it into a % and creating an average over 5 games |
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What does the A in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Accepted- to be effective the goal must be accepted by both the coach and performer |
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What does the R in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Realistic- the goal should be challenging but attainable- the attainment of a goal that is perceived as challenging develops confidence and motivates the performer to achieve the next goal e.g. a 20% increase is challenging but attainable but making a 70 % increase is unrealistic |
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What does the T in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Timed- a time limit should be set- consideration should be given depending upon the TYPE of goal set e.g. 5 weeks |
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What does the E in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Exciting- excitement is generated when a goal is perceived as challenging and can offset boredom-making improvements that are too small can be boring and repetitive |
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What does the R in the S.M.A.R.T.E.R. principal stand for and what is an example of this component? |
Recorded- reading progress and achieved goals makes it exciting and motivating e.g. making a log of the number per game. |
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What are the benefits of setting goals? |
>increased/maintaining motivation >increased self-confidence >it directs the attention of the performer to a specific task |
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What are the two types of goals? |
>time based goals >activity based goals |
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What are the types of time based goals? |
>long term goals >medium term goals >short term goals |
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what are long term goals? |
>an ultimate aim which may take an extended period of time to complete and achieve |
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What can occur if long term goals are set on their own? |
they may appear daunting to the performer which may be unnecessary and cause an unnecessary increases in anxiety |
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Can implementing a programme of long term goals on its own improve performance? |
no |
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What is an example of a long term goal |
Making it into the national team |
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What are medium term goals? |
goals that occur during the long term goal sequence that improve access to long term goals and endorse the effectiveness of short term goals |
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What can medium term goals be used as? |
significant improvement indicators |
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What are short term goals? |
goals that are intended to give immediate success |
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When are short term goals set? |
initially at the level of the performers existing capability |
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In what process are short term goals completed? |
in a sequence that becomes progressively more difficult |
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What link do short term goals form? |
a link between the athletes initial capability and the long term goal of achievement |
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What can short term goals be useful in? |
the attainment of long term goals |
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Which type of time based goal has research shown to be the most effective? |
short term goals |
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What are the types of activity based goals? |
>performance goals >process goals >product goals |
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What are performance goals? |
goals based on judgements made by an individual of their own performance against pervious performances-they are measurable |
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What are process goals? |
goals concerned with improving techniques to produce a better performance |
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Who are process goals best for? |
NAFS and those with low self confidence |
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What are product goals? |
goals which are concerned with winning outcomes and the focus is on the end result- they are often externally controlled |
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What can a total focus on product goals lead to? |
anxiety during competition- because the athlete = required to win in order to achieve the goal. Anxiety about the final outcome may = performer = distracted from task also the control by external forces may increase anxiety further |
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What is the most effective way to improve performance and commitment to participation through goal setting? |
setting both performance and process foals - by doing so more control is given to the participant and these goals can be used as good indicators of an athletes commitment to training and competition |
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When are all types of goal most effective? |
when they are set as formal targets by the coach and negotiated and accepted by the performer |
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Who should set the goals which determine exercise adherence and what should these goals be? |
set by the participant and should be flexible-not fixed |
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Why is measurement of goals important? |
it is an essential source of information and is essential feedback to the performer and it provides the coach an the performer with information to help set the next goal |
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what type of difficulty makes the best goals, why? |
Moderate difficulty leads to the production of the best performance perceived as too easy= lack of interest from performer perceived as too hard = extreme frustration |
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When can product goals be good? |
when they are used as performance preparation and for every one product goal that is set there should be a number of process and performance goals set as well |
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what is attentional control? |
the extent to each a performer can focus their awareness onto the environmental stimuli that are most relavant during activity |
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What can indicate the length and span of concentration? |
the capacity to maintain focus until the skill has been completed |
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What can concentration and selective attention be directed by? |
external factors such as stimulus intensity and the presence of warning cues |
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What are the most important things in determining attentional control? |
cognition and arousal |
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What is cognition? |
the mental process involved in acquiring knowledge, learning and understanding |
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What is arousal? |
the level of excitement or activation that has been generated by the CNS |
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at a low level of arousal, what does behaviour tend to be? |
lethargic and performers may feel 'sleepy' or drowsy |
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at high levels of arousal, what does behaviour tend to be? |
frenetic and often extremely intense |
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What does the inverted U theory predict? |
the influence of arousal and the performance of a motor skill |
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what does the inverted U theory show? |
that as arousal increases performance increases, up until the optimum where performance is at its best, after the optimum point of arousal, as arousal increases performance decreases. |
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What is a strength of the inverted U theory? |
it is a straight forward theory |
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what is a weakness of the inverted U theory? |
the reasons as to why performance increases, arousal increases up until the optimum where performance is at its best, after the optimum point of arousal, as arousal increases performance decreases. is much more complex and requires a deeper understanding of attentional control and cue utilisation |
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What is cue utilisation? |
the capacity to focus selectively (selective attention) |
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How big is the perceptual field of the performer when arousal is below the optimum? what are the effects of this on the performer? |
the perceptual field widens extensively, access is given to a range of often irrelevant environmental cues. this means that selective attention of relevant stimuli is hard due to an overload of sensory stimuli, making information processing slow and decision making is hard |
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How big is the perceptual field of the performer when arousal is above the optimum? what are the effects of this on the performer? |
perceptual field narrows excessively-this causes relevant stimuli to be missed information processing is quick, but restricted, effective decision making is impeded and the performer enters a stage of panic |
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What happens if arousal becomes extremely high? |
the performer goes into a stage of hypervigilance where they experience total disorientation of their senses |
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How big is the perceptual field of the performer when arousal is at the optimum? what are the effects of this on the performer? |
as arousal increases up to the optimum level the perceptual field will adjust and narrow to the ideal width this narrowing allows attention to be given to the most relevant stimuli and cue only selective attention is fully operationalised concentration is maximised decision making is effective info processing is fast and effective |
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What is a strength of cue utilisation? |
it describes how attentional control can be maximised |
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What is a weakness of cue utilisation? |
it does not make clear how the performer can adjust the width and direction of attention in response to varying situations that are encountered in sport |
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what were the dimensions in Nideffer's model of attentional fields (8) |
>broad >broad internal >broad external >internal >narrow >narrow internal >narrow external >external |
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What is a broad attentional field? |
taking in a great detail of environmental information |
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what is an example of a broad-external attentional field? |
awareness of lots of players in front of you in basketball |
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what types of skills are more likely to require a broad attentional field? |
open |
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what do the broad and narrow dimensions in Nideffer's model indicate? |
the width of attention |
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what do the internal and external dimensions in Nideffer's model indicate? |
the direction os attention |
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what is a narrow attentional field? |
the required concentration onto one or a small number of stimuli which enables the performer to focus on specific cues |
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What is an example of a broad internal attentional field? |
the mental rehearsal of lots of tactics/set plays before the game begins |
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What is an internal attentional field? |
when the performers attention has been directed inwards and onto the performers psychological state which includes thoughts, emotions and cognitive processes that are involved in decision making |
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what is an external attentional field? |
an outward progection onto an environmental stimuli |
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what is an example of a narrow internal attentional field? |
The mental rehearsal of just one serve in volly ball |
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what is an example of a narrow external attentional field? |
focusing on just the ball as a batsman in cricket |
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What is external focus? |
focus on the environment |
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what does external focus allow the performer to do? |
focus on outside factors such as the position of an opponent and help distract from physical pain/fatigue |
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how can a beginner use external focus? |
to dissociate from unpleasant physical sensations |
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how could an expert performer use external focus? |
to dissociate from pain/fatigue |
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what is internal focus? |
attention directed onto the physiological state of the performer |
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Why do expert performers use internal attention? |
it is an important source of feedback and it helps the performer to maximise concentration, control anxiety and access the optimum point of arousal |
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according to Nideffer, when can the optimum point of arousal only be achieved? |
if the performer has the ability to adopt the attentional stye that matches the attentional demands of the situation |
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what can a good performer do, in relation to attentional control? |
can draw upon a full range if attentional styles- which shows the link between attentional control and cue utilisation |
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what can help a performer change and shift their attentional style to the demands of the situation? |
optimal arousal and cue utilisation |
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What are the two factors in sports confidence theory? |
trait sports confidence and state sports confidence |
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What is trait sports confidence? |
generalised beliefs of an individual about the extent to which their ability will bring success across a wide range of sports |
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what are the characteristics of trait sports confidence? |
>innate >relatively stable >a natural predisposition |
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What is state sports confidence? |
an indoviduals belief about the extent to which their ability will bring success at one particular skill |
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what are the characteristics of state sports confidence? |
>can be developed through learning >unstable >changeable >specific to a situation |
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what is the objective sports situation? |
the type of skill that is to be performer- which could include the situation in which the skill is to be performed |
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what is 'competitive orientation'? |
the extent to which an individual is prepared to compete and also whether the individual strives to achieve a performance or product goal. |
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what is the subjective outcome? |
the extent to which an athlete perceived that the performance has been successful |
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what is the subjective outcome if the performance is perceived as good? |
increased trait sports confidence and increased commutative-state confidence |
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what is the subjective outcome is the performance is perceived as bad? |
decreased trait sports confidence and decreased competative-state confidence |
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what can a decrease in trait sports confidence cause? |
decreased state sports confidence reduced self-efficacy make the performer feel less confident cause avoidance behaviour |
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What can an increase in trait sports confidence cause? |
increased state sports confidence increased self-efficacy make the performer feel more confident facility approach behaviour |
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according to Vealy, what strategies can improve state sports confidence? |
>mastery of skill >styling >physical and mental preparation >social reinforcement >effective leadership >environmental comfort |
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What is mastery of skill? |
what occurs when a skill has been acquired and the performer perceives that progress has been made |
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what is styling? |
getting the athlete to demonstrate a highly-skilled performance to significant others
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what is social reinforcement? |
praise and approval by significant others |
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what is environmental comfort? |
working in conditions that make the performer feel at ease. |
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what can success in one sport lead to? |
the transfer of confidence into other sports |
