Comm Theory 2

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Central themes to Symbolic Interaction Theory?

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1. The importance of meanings for human behavior
2. the importance of the self-concept
3. the relationship between the individual and society

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SIT holds that individuals construct

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meaning through the communication process because mean is not intrinsic to anything.

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Symbolic Interaction Theory assumptions

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1. Humans act toward others on the basis of the meanings those others have for them.
2. Meaning is created in interaction between people
3. Meaning is modified

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Humans act toward others on the basis of the meanings those others have for them

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assumptions that explain behavior as a loop between stimuli and the responses people exhibit to those stimuli.

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Meaning is created in interaction between people

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Meaning can exist only when people share common interpretations of the symbols they exchange in interaction.

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3 ways to account for the origin of meaning:

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1. meaning as being intrinsic to the thing. All that is necessary is to recognize the meaning that is there in the thing.
2. Meanings are in people. Meaning is explained by isolating the psychological elements within an individual
3. Meanings are social products. Meanings are forming in and through the defining activities of people as they interact.

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Meaning is modified through an interpretive process

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Has 2 steps. 1 Communicators point out things that have meaning. Intrapersonal . 2 Communicators selecting, checking, and transforming the meanings in the context in which they find themselves.

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Self Concept

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a relatively stable set of perceptions people hold about themselves

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2 assumptions to self concept.

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1. individuals develop self-concepts through interaction with others.
2. Self concept provide an important motive for behavior

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People are not born with

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self-concepts

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Because Human beings posses a self, they are

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provided with a mechanism for self-interaction

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Self is a _______ not a _______

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process, structure

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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a prediction about yourself, causing you to behave in such a way that it comes true.

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The Relationship between the Individual and Society assumptions

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1. People and groups are influenced by cultural and social processes.
2. Social structure is worked out through social interaction.

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People and Groups are influenced by Cultural and Social Processes

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recognizes that social norms constraint individual behavior.

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Social Structure is worked out through social interaction

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people exert their individuality and demonstrate that they are not completely constrained by culture or situation

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mind

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the ability to use symbols with common social meanings

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Language

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a shared system of verbal and nonverbal symbols

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significant symbols

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symbols whose meaning is generally agreed upon by many people.

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thought

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inner conversation

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One of the most critical activities that people accomplish through thought is

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Role Taking

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The ability to symbolically place oneself in an imagined self of another person

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Role taking

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Role taking is a symbolic act that can help

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clarify our own sense of self and allow us to develop the capacity for empathy with others.

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Self

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the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others.

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Looking glass self

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our ability to see ourselves as another sees us.

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Symbolic Interaction Theory Integration

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semiotic, phenomenological, Intra/Interpersonal, Interpretive

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consonant relationship

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2 elements in equilibrium

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dissonant relationship

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2 elements in disequilibrium with each other

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irrelevant relationship

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2 elements that have no meaningful relation to each other.

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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People are highly motivated to avoid experiences, feelings and ignore views that oppose their own.

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Assumptions of Cognitive Dissonance

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Human beings desire consistency
Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies.
Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects.
Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance and efforts towards dissonance reduction.

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the quantitative amount of discomfort felt

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Magnitude of dissonance

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Importance

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a factor in determining magnitude of dissonance; refers to how significant the issue is.

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a factor in determining magnitude of dissonance; the amount of consonant cognition's relative to the dissonant ones

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dissonance ratio

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rationale

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a factor in determining magnitude of dissonance; refers to the reasoning employed to explain the inconsistency

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3 factors influence magnitude of dissonance

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importance, dissonance ratio, rationale

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Selective exposure

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a method for reducing dissonance by seeking information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions

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selective attention

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a method for reducing dissonance by paying attention to information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions

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Selective Interpretation

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a method for reducing dissonance by interpreting ambiguous information so that is becomes consistent with current beliefs and actions

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selective retention

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remembering information that is consonant with current beliefs and actions

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minimal justification

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offering the least amount of incentive necessary to obtain compliance

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buyer's remorse

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postdecision dissonance related to a purchase

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory Integration

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Socio-Psychological, Intrapersonal, Positivistic/Empirical

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Entry Phase

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the beginning stage of an interaction between strangers.

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personal phase

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the stage in a relationship when people begin to communicate more spontaneously and personally

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Exit phase

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the stage in a relationship when people decide whether to continue or leave.

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Uncertainty Reduction Theory

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-People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings
- Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress.
- primary concern is reduce uncertainty or increase predictability
- Interpersonal Comm is a developmental process that occurs through stages
-Interpersonal comm. is the primary means of uncertainty reduction.
-The quantity and nature of info that people share change through time.
-It is possible to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion.

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Social Penetration

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the process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate.

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trajectory

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pathway to closeness

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Assumptions of Social Penetration Theory

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Relationships
1. progress from non intimate to intimate
2. development is generally systematic and predictable
3. development includes de-penetration and dissolution.
4. Self-disclosure is at the core of relationship development

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Stages of Social Penetration Process

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Orientation, Exploratory Affective Exchange, Affective Exchange, Stable Exchange

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Orientation Stage

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includes revealing small parts of ourselves

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Exploratory affective exchange

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stage that results in the emergence of our personality to others.

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Affective Exchange Stage

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spontaneous and quite comfortable for relational partners

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Personal idioms

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private, intimate expressions stated in a relationship

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Stable Exchange Stage

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results in complete openness and spontaneity for relational partners

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Integration of Social Penetration

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Socio-Psycological, Interpersonal, Positivistic/Empirical

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costs

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elements of relational life with negative value

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rewards

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elements of relational life with positive value

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outcome

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whether people continue in a relationship or terminate it.

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worth =

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rewards-cost

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Social Exchange Theory is compared to

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Bank account

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Social Penetration Theory is compared to

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Onion

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Social Penetration Theory

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the major force in interpersonal relationships is the satisfaction of both people's self-interest.

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Assumptions of Social Exchanged Theory

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-Humans seek rewards and avoid punishment
-Humans are relational beings
-The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person.
-Relationships are interdependent
-Relational life is a process

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Behavioral Sequences

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a series of actions designed to achieve a goal.

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Power

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the degree of dependence a person has on another for outcomes

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Fate Control

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the ability to affect a partner's outcomes

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Behavioral control

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the power to change another's behavior

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Social Exchange Theory Integration

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Semiotic, Phenomenological, interpersonal, positivistic/empirical

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cognitive uncertainty

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degree of uncertainty related to cognition's (beliefs and attitudes)

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behavioral uncertainty

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degree of uncertainty related to behaviors

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self-disclosure

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personal messages about the self disclosed to another.

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URT reduction processes

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Proactive, Retroactive