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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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summary of the payne fund studies
what was the conclusion of the study? |
studied the effects of media and its (more inappropriate) subjects on kids.... moral standards have begun to go down
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invasion from mars study
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showed the power of radio
panic triggered by "war of the worlds" people everywhere panicked, but many didn'thear disclaimer at the beginning |
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people's choice study
what was the motive of it? |
selective exposure, perception, and retention
MEDIA strengthens already held attitudes source of information is VERY important gist: study of how people react to different information, based on where they hear it from |
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why we fight studies
what demographic did this study? |
frank capra films-get soldiers educated about what they are going into
measured: knowledge, opinions before and after the film no direct powerful effects found |
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what are the effects of tv?
are they conclusive? |
Fear can propel government policy
Conventional wisdom fueled by isolated examples Academic studies too complicated to understand in general effects of tv don't seem to be too good, but there is nothing too conclusive either way |
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what is the "new" fear about societal effects on kids?
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Targets include: Comics, movies, television, rock music, video games, Internet
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what is an example of a minimal effects model
and what were the findings of this study |
the peoples choice study
Media strengthened already-held attitudes Media changed preference of 8% |
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stanford study? what were its conclusions
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TV harms some children under some conditions
TV beneficial to others For most children under most conditions, TV neither harmful nor beneficial |
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what is a powerful effects model? and what study is a good example of it
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intermediate adn potent media effect
payne studies |
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which study is a good example of the minimal effects model
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why we fight study
media little influence on behavior |
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mixed effects model
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media effects contingent on THE INDIVIDUAL and circumstances
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what is a theory
how is a theory tested? |
a set of related statements that explain and predict behavior
tested in a series of systematic steps |
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cultivation theory aka change theory via technology
what is mean world syndrome |
Over time, media use cultivates view of world
Mean-world syndrome-makes people see the world as worse than it actually is because of what they see on tv Heavy TV users see world as more dangerous |
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social learning theory
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People learn to behave by observing others
Including those in media |
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diffusion of innovations theory
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a person's willingness to accept new technologies
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agenda setting
Media don’t tell people what to _____ Media do tell people what to _____ _____ |
think
think about the difference of them simply tellign you what is right vs wrong and you coming to your own conclusion |
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uses and gratifications theory
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Consumers actively choose and use media to satisfy their needs
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spiral silence theory
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Individuals gauge opinion climate
Hesitant to express views contrary to others |
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third person effects theory
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media have a bigger effect on others than they do on YOU
The closer (meaning relationshjip wise) you are to the person, the less likely you are to think that they have been affected |
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DIFFERENCE between correllation and causation
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not sure
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roget's thesis
issue with it? |
Retina retains image after it leaves field of vision
WRONG the BRAIN retains the image and not the retina |
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peep shows
photography of motion nickelodeon |
crank roll of still photographs
muybridge's running horse small theatre cost 5 cents |
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kinetscope
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designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device
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osor
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orientation, stimulus, orientation, response
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The Great Train Robbery
what modern techniques did this use? who wrote it |
Edwin Porter developed film’s potential in 12-minute story
Edited together film shot in different places Cross-cutting for rhythm & pace Overlapping shots to increase tension Innovative camera placement |
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The Birth of a nation
what was significant about it? who wrote it |
SUPER SUCCESS
Rebelled against single-reel films (8-12 minutes) Created 12-reel film (nearly 3 hours) sophisticated camera use verrryyyy controversial though glorified the KKK dw griffith |
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Block booking
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Forced theaters to show unknown actors to get stars
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Blind booking
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Theaters take films without previewing
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describe what vertical integration would look like in the movie industry
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control production, distribution
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as tv became more popular what was the general trend with people going to the movies?
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GOING TO the movies has become much less popular with the rise of tv
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innovations of the movie industry
one way movie industry separated itself from tv |
Drive-ins
Technology and gimmicks mproved sound, wide screens 3-D, Smell-o-vision took on themes that tv could not handle |
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how are movies produced and transmitted
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they use projections rather than transmissions to save money
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what country creates the most movie revenue
what country creates the most moview |
the united states makes the most revenue
but by far the most movies are in india (bollywood) |
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pros and cons with international releases
how are the cons often overcom e |
pros: sometimes they will make more revenue but it is predicated on the con
cons: must overcome the language barrier and the culture barrier more action-adventure, broad comedies Less culture-specific, like sports movies |
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methods of promotion for moview
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Trailers
Previews air in theaters months before release Trailers on demand Posters, ads, cross-promotion Product placement Sales soar after products used in movie ET & Reese’s Pieces Characters in Toy Story |
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why did family movies used to dominate
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they provided a mass audience
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typical ways to target young white males
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Content leans toward action-adventure, female nudity
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biggest movie season s
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winter around the holidays and the summer
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concerns over viewing certain movies (many)
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Distortions of reality
Docudramas especially may mislead Stereotypes Women Damsels in distress Racial/cultural Native Americans = savages Italians = mobsters |
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what were the precursors to radio
when were radiowaves discovered when was voice put into radio |
telegraph- established a a broad communicating system
by hertz in 1887 voice in radio done by fessenden in 1906 |
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what is am vs fm
qualities of each |
amplitude modulation
and frequency modulation am: signals travel greater distance, poorer sound quality fm: higher quallity, signal doesn't travel as far |
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big four networks
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NBC (1926)
First national networks: Red and Blue CBS (1927) Became national leader ABC (mid-1940s) Formed from NBC Blue Mutual (1934-1999) |
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structure of radio
genres of radio |
Regular schedules, commercial ties
Programs of 15, 30 & 60 minutes Talk shows in morning Soap operas in afternoon Variety, comedy, dramas in evening |
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vaudeville
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Music, dancing, comedy routines & assorted other entertainment
Top vaudeville stars went from stage to radio to early TV Jack Benny George Burns & Gracie Allen |
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what were the sitcoms of radio
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Sam ‘n’ Henry (1926, Chicago)
Renamed Amos ‘n’ Andy Fibber McGee & Molly (1935-1959) |
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what were the radio's biggest dramas
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The Shadow (1930-1954)
The Lone Ranger (1933-1954) |
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what is format radio and what did it do?
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Consistent programming formula encourages listener loyalty
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recent innovations in radio....
some controversial innovations in the quality produced |
Digital
Crisper, clearer signals than analog Satellite XM and Sirius debut (2002) Merged in 2008 Content outside FCC scrutiny Webcasting Chance for specialized content Local digital Brings higher quality sound Low-power FM Growing presence in many areas |
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controversy over who produced the first visual image
what is consensus on who produced adn who got first patent |
Vladimir Zworykin developed
circuit for transforming visual image into electronic signal First U.S. patent Philo T. Farnsworth completed working model for a similar system, applied for a patent |
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who are ratings conducted on radio
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take a random sampling and examine a portion of the audience
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issues with the standard of tv.....
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Black & white or color?
Lines of resolution |
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general trend in tv and radio during wwii
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growth went down during wwii and then went way up as demand went up post war
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what happened in 1948-1952 period
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there was a freeze on tv productions to work out the kinks
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why did dumont collapse
what did dumont later become |
they lacked a radio relationship unlike cbs nbc, and abc
FOX ******* |
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Criticism of tv from 48-60
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Sexism
Women incompetent, subordinate Racism Few opportunities for minorities |
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most popular
animation Families: War: Women: Nostalgia: successful african americans satire on family life focused on singles, developed on going story lines |
the flinstones and bewitched
All in the Family mash Mary Tyler Moore Show Happy Days cosby show simpsons seinfeld |
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significance of groundbreaking of
i love lucy hill street blues all in the family |
lucy was starred around a women, but was also based on stereotypes of women
hill street blues was the first show to ever be based on a group of black people all in the family kept the racist ideals and stereotypes on tv |
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earliest childrens shows on tv
first show to have an educational focus |
Howdy Doody (1947-1960)
Mickey Mouse Club (1955-1959) Disney’s variety show sesame street (education ) |
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common term for early tv
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adapted radio, because there really was not much to it, and exemplified radio, but with not much more than pictures
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early westerners
first police pursuit show |
The Lone Ranger (1949-1957)
Gunsmoke (1955-1975) Bonanza (1959-1973) Dragnet |
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toll broadcasting
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early plan for radio comm, where radio access would be held by the fcc
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sustained programming
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regular unsponsored programming to keep audience contact ill advertising may be sold
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spectrum scarcity
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limited nature of broadcast frequencies
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transistor
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MAKES PORTABLE RADIO POSSIBLE
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analog radio
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radio transmissions, electric wave form reps sound on a carrier wave
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advantages of station group
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central management oversees all management
saving $$$ in production costs |
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turnkey network
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provice 24/7 programming
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payola
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promoters who pay djs to play certain songs
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first tv talent shows
this then lead to a transition to reality tv first reality tv |
ted mack's original amateur hour
the gong show low costs no writers, stars, and low production costs the real world and cops! |
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cable's original purpose
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serve areas lacking good reception ( mountains and rural areas)
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Regulation & must carry rules
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No same-day duplication of broadcast
Cable providers “must carry” local stations Protect local stations, especially news |
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Regulation & must carry rules
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No same-day duplication of broadcast
Cable providers “must carry” local stations Protect local stations, especially news |
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first super station
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WTBS debuted 1976 in Atlanta
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qualities of network affilliates
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Most have contracts with networks
Sell own local ads, carry network’s national ads A few are owned & operated by network |
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the chain of how the programs work....
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the network provides the program => to the affilliate
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example of original syndication
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jeoporady and jerry springer, something made by the network
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offnetwork syndication
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old network shows.... the office and big bang
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difference between a rating and a share
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rating-Percentage of all homes equipped with TVs that are tuned to a particular station at a particular time
share-Percentage of homes in which TV is in use and tuned to a particular station |
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cultivation theory
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heavy viewing of violence leads to mean world syndrome
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what does heavy viewing lead to
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acceptance of the stereotypes that we see on tv
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V-chips
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can block objectionable programs
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what are the standards for
average adult viewing compulsive viewers |
Average adult watches 30 hours/week
Compulsive viewer averages 56 hours/week Keeps viewers from productively dealing with problems |
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how did abc catch up to cbs and nbc
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were able to stay alive with their radio program
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what did the collapse of dumont lead to
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68% increase in advertising for abc adn stations dumont owned which later became fox
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qualities of the golden age of tv
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needed high qual drama to attract weatlthy people to buy tv sets\networks had to hire playwrights, b/c major motion pics refused to allow original motion pics to be something...
most work was done live to save $ |
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critiques of the golden age of tv
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made women adn minorities look stupid
all major players in the industry were white |
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early examples of horizontal integration
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Disney ( a movie industry only at the time ) produced tv shows for abc which lead to warner brothers and other movie studios producing programming for tv
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CATV
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Community antenna TV was designed to bring tv to rural hard to reach areas
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must carry rules
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cable system must show all local tv stations w/ in each system's are of coverage
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time shifting
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recording of tv program to be played back later
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evolution of recording
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videotape recorder
video cassette recorder 1975 dvr on demand |
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public access channels
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public
educational PEG governmental |
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a la carte pricing
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charging customers only for channels they want to buy
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geostationary
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satellite so that they orbit earth at the same speed taht earth rotates
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strip programming
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system of showing a program same time pd 5x a week
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sweep months
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most important to local stations, NOV, Feb may july
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internal public
external public |
employees, members, stockholders
community, news, customers, voters |
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sophists
who cast sophists in a negative light |
hired to fight public verbal battles
socrates and plato |
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ethos
pathos logos |
source credibility
emotional appeal logic appeal |
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examples of pr in early america
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"taxation w/out representation"
federalists papers |
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examples of hype in early america
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P.T. Barnum planting fake stories, Tom Thumb...
exaggeration about the fertility of the land in the west.... 50k lined up to get land in the ok land rush promo of fictional stars like buff bill adn annie oakley |
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who was one of the most significant people of the 18oos when it came to pr
what di this person do that made them so effective |
Amos Kendall.... essentially pr man for andrew jackson
Sampled public opinion Targeted speeches to audience Distributed glowing articles to newspapers |
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examples of promotion in wwi
what techniques were used |
Campaign to mobilize public
support, enlistment, sale of Liberty Bonds Use of film stars Suggest ideas for editorial cartoons Great success in mobilization, selling bonds |
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first person to do pr as a profession
what was this person's slogan and who was he famously associated with |
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
Pr- not to fool or ignore the public, but to be honest and sincere |
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Edward Bernays way of seeing trying to make others see your ways
famous things bernays did |
"Engineering of Consent"
got women to smoke cigs by referring to them as "torches of freedom" for lucky cigs repaired calvin coolidge's image |
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use of pr during great depression
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used to promote the new deal - Relief Recovery Reform
companies used PR to boost iamge |
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greenwashing
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spin product policies to appear as environmently friendly
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types of pr firms
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individual consultants
large independent agencies i in house shops (large and small) |
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PR activities
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research-define probs, identify publics, evaluate effectiveness of campaign
advice- proactive rather than reactive communications- create and distribute messages, target internal and external publics |
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media vs pr
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dependent on each other vs lack of trust,
CLASH BETWEEN 2- Pr importance - client image vs news importance0 scandals |
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comm relations in pr
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maintain relations w/ gov and comm groups
use of corporate aid and sponsorships charitable contributions ... local and national depending ... |
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keys to crisis management
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repair image, following an error or accident
best strategy- build good will years before anything happens |
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lobbying and 3 ps
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attempts to influence public officials,
promote helpful legislation prevent harmful legislation protect client interest |
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pr tools
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press release- written to match new style
canned news, editorials, audio press releases press kits- packers of photos, fact sheets etc, sent to media video news release- pre produced, news story, complete w/ reporter and graphics |
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spinning
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twisting, puts best face on the facts
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4 pr strategies of news management
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publicity stunt- any action designed to create a human interest
news hooks- angle or approach that makes something seem news worthy media relations- practice of maintaining and keeping contact w/ gatekeepers trial balloons0 reveal that a policy is being considered in order to test public feeling exclusive- story granted to jsut 1 news outlet |
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hierarchy of effects of advertisign
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Information -Exposure, comprehension, retention
Attitude -Reinforce attitude, create new attitude, change old attitude Behavior-Reinforce behavior, create new behavior, change old behavior |
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maslows hierarchy of needs
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self actualization
esteem love belonging safety psychological |
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counter ads
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fight images of other ads
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advocacy ads
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influence public opinion,
public policy |
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limited protection for commercials
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Commercial nature limits First Amendment
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federal trade commission
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Regulates false and deceptive advertising
Has power to censor advertising Can order corrective ads Fix problems in previous ads |
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issues with targeting of kids
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junk food has been linked to obestity and tobaco and alcohol should not be near kids programming
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technological determinism
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new technology changes society in unforseen ways
elite- wealthy and educated popular-- mass audience specialized-- segmented target audience |
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first examples of advertisign
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Ancient Egyptians -Roadside billboards carved in stone
Gladiator shows -Advertised on the walls of ancient Rome Ancient Greeks -Town criers who shouted ads in streets Handbills-First known in 1478 |
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what did the industrial revo do
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Created demands, needs for things previously not present
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ads on tv
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slow to develop, radio was more popular
gew as pop realize visual and audio together could be more powerful |
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subliminal ads
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single frames humans sometimes don't detect
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target marketing
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Magazines
Narrow audience, national scope Radio Local, specific audience Television With cable, became segmented Internet Segmented by design |
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circulation waste
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avoid those unlikely to buy the product
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psychographics
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Attitudes, beliefs, values, interests, motivations, personality, lifestyle
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