Comm Final

Front 1

communication

Back 1

the process of creating and sharing meaning through the use of symbols

Front 2

symbols

Back 2

words, images, gestures, expressions that we use to represent our thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

Front 3

verbal communication

Back 3

messages expressed through formal language, using oral, written, or symbolic words.

Front 4

nonverbal communication

Back 4

expressed through symbols other than words

Front 5

initiator

Back 5

one who begins or advances the communication process by generating a message.

Front 6

interpreter

Back 6

one who perceives and attempts to understand a message

Front 7

noise

Back 7

anything that interferes with the creation of shared meaning between or among communicators.

Front 8

channels

Back 8

mediums that carry messages between communicators

Front 9

feedback

Back 9

a response or reaction to a message.

Front 10

contexts

Back 10

physical setting, communicative setting, culture.

Front 11

cultures

Back 11

everything that makes up our way of life, including shared values, knowledge, behaviors, and symbolic expression.

Front 12

transactional

Back 12

implies that communicator's initiate and interpret messages simultaneously.

Front 13

irrecersible

Back 13

cannot take it back

Front 14

inevitable

Back 14

"you cannot not communicate"

Front 15

multidimensional

Back 15

have many purposes and levels of meaning

Front 16

self concept

Back 16

a relatively consistent image or set of perceptions that you have of yourself (completetive, shy)

Front 17

generalized other

Back 17

(find your self concept through) composite view of society's reflection of yourself-what other's think

Front 18

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 18

the tendency to live up to the expectations created for us- -if you tell someone they're really good at something, they'll do it more.

Front 19

identity

Back 19

conception of yourself as a memeber of a group (sex, gender)

Front 20

sex

Back 20

biologically determined

Front 21

gender

Back 21

communicated

Front 22

social identity theory

Back 22

our identification with social groups is importatnt for our self-concept, and the relative salience of a given identity depends on social context.

Front 23

allness

Back 23

use of one aspect of our identity to describe our whole self.

Front 24

stereotypes

Back 24

specific kinds of labels that characterize people based on the assumed traits of others in their group.

Front 25

identity tags

Back 25

used by advertisers, target a particular population for their product

Front 26

johari window

Back 26

model depicting an individual's degree of self awareness. open, hidden, blind, and unknown quadrants

Front 27

open quadrant

Back 27

part of yourself that is know to both you and others

Front 28

hidden quadrant

Back 28

those things tha you know about yourself but others do not

Front 29

blind quadrant

Back 29

part of yourself that others know but you do not (the way you fidget)

Front 30

unknown quadrant

Back 30

category of things that neither you nor others know about yourself (your parenting style)

Front 31

role taking

Back 31

act of understanding the motives, interests, and actions of other people and adopting those actions, at least temporarily

Front 32

social comparison

Back 32

when we understand our self by comparing it to others (made difficult by the media/others)

Front 33

facework

Back 33

the act of presenting the self (confirmation, rejection, disconfirmation)

Front 34

confirmation

Back 34

when others accept our presentation of self and act in harmony with the image we are displaying

Front 35

rejection

Back 35

others contradict the presentation of ourselves and act inconsistently with the image we are displaying

Front 36

perception

Back 36

process of assigning meaning to sensory information and experiences

Front 37

factors that influence perception

Back 37

physical factors (height, age, gender), personality (extro vs intro), culture

Front 38

steps to forming perception

Back 38

selecting, organization, interpretation

Front 39

selecting

Back 39

focusing on some stimuli rather than others

Front 40

salience

Back 40

personal relevance, importance to us

Front 41

novelty

Back 41

"new to us," unfamiliar (bug car on freeway)

Front 42

familiarity

Back 42

recognize it

Front 43

repitition

Back 43

over and over

Front 44

vividness

Back 44

makes object stand out from surrounding

Front 45

size

Back 45

unusually big or small

Front 46

figure and groud

Back 46

see different things when you focus on one thing and less on the other (background)

Front 47

rejection

Back 47

others contradict the presentation of ourselves adn act inconsistently with the images we are displaying

Front 48

perpetual constancy

Back 48

tendency to maintain the same perception of people and events over time

Front 49

organization

Back 49

placing stimuli in category to give them meaning and aid retention

Front 50

personal constructs

Back 50

categories by which people and events can be differentiated

Front 51

prototype

Back 51

a specific person, personality, or phenomenon that exemplifies a set of characteristics (you may have an idea of a perfect teacher, idea of a biker)

Front 52

stereotypes

Back 52

generalizations about people based on their group affiliation, rather than their individual characteristics

Front 53

script

Back 53

guides to actions and expectations based on the categorization of perceptions (get into an elevator, turn around, dont talk)

Front 54

context

Back 54

placing them in the context of the interaction

Front 55

closure

Back 55

filling in gaps between stimuli

Front 56

attribution

Back 56

we assign meaning to the actions of ourselves and others (someone is rude=external (having a bad day), internal (they're just mean))

Front 57

fundamental attribution error

Back 57

overestimation of the degree to whcih other's behaviors are due to internal factors and underestimation of the significance of external forces (ex. my team wins-they're the best, my team loses-bad referees)

Front 58

self-serving bias

Back 58

attribute external forces to our own misfortunes, but not to those of others.

Front 59

attractiveness bias

Back 59

think better of pretty people, than ugly

Front 60

similarity bias

Back 60

attribution of our own motivations to someone elses behavior

Front 61

hearing

Back 61

act of perceiving sounds or other related stimuli

Front 62

listening

Back 62

process of perceiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages

Front 63

steps of listening

Back 63

attending, interpreting, responding, remembering

Front 64

attending

Back 64

making the conscious choice to listen

Front 65

interpreting

Back 65

givign meaning to sounds or related stimuli

Front 66

responding

Back 66

any discernable reaction including both verbal and nonverbal feedback

Front 67

remembering

Back 67

the retention and recall of the messages

Front 68

external obstacles that get in the way of listening

Back 68

physical enviornment, message context, media noise-radio

Front 69

internal obstacles that get in the way of listening

Back 69

preconceived attitudes/beliefs (stereotypes), preoccupation with self, personal investment (if you are interested), indifference (lack of interest)

Front 70

listening for appreciation

Back 70

goal of listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Front 71

listening for comprehension

Back 71

goal of listening for understanding

Front 72

listening for empathy

Back 72

listening to give support, legitimacy of feelings

Front 73

listening for evaluation

Back 73

listening to render an opinion or judgment

Front 74

cognitive dissonance

Back 74

struggle in mind between two things

Front 75

words are symbolic

Back 75

blahhhhh

Front 76

words are arbitrary

Back 76

words that have no direct connection to the objects they represent

Front 77

words are ambiguous

Back 77

words that do not have a clear meaning (you can love in several different ways, hate, free, good, etc)

Front 78

words are changable

Back 78

words can change meaning over times (gay, tight, steep)

Front 79

denotation

Back 79

the most concrete, specific, and objective meaning of a word (like dictionary definintion)

Front 80

connotation

Back 80

meaning of words based on individual or cultural experiences or values (implied meaning-"underwear" vs "lingerie")

Front 81

concrete

Back 81

words that come as close as possible to an objective description of reality

Front 82

abstract

Back 82

words that refer to thoughts, ideas, or theories

Front 83

codes

Back 83

set of conventions or rules shared by members of a culture and which governs the use of words and symbols (switch codes when talking to different people-friends, family)

Front 84

taboos

Back 84

prohibited words or the behaviors that those words describe (things we dont talk about)

Front 85

(nonverbal) highly contextual

Back 85

nonverbal communication depends on the situation it's in

Front 86

(nonverbal) influenced by culture and gender

Back 86

gender is totally communicated nonverbally and different symbols and signals are different according to culture

Front 87

(nonverbal) continuous

Back 87

ongoing

Front 88

accenting

Back 88

nonverbal function that highlights, accentuates, or emphsizes verbal messages ("she is SO funny")

Front 89

complementing

Back 89

when our verbal information is not complete adn we need nonverbal communication to complete it ("i got a bruise right here" and points)

Front 90

contradicting

Back 90

nonverbal function that opposes, denies, or disagrees with a verbal message (someone is "care free" or "laid back" but always has a pressed shirt)

Front 91

regulating

Back 91

helps with conversation, tone of voice helps to regulate, actions do too

Front 92

repeating

Back 92

repeat with nonverbal that was said verbally ("no" shake head)

Front 93

substituting

Back 93

takes place of verbal messages

Front 94

kinesics

Back 94

the use of body motion to communicate nonverbally

Front 95

facial expressions

Back 95

richest sources of nonverbal cues (eye contact, smile, eyebrows, etc)

Front 96

gestures

Back 96

significant body movements that convey a message

Front 97

proxemics

Back 97

use of space to communicate nonverbally (personal space)

Front 98

territoriality

Back 98

tendency of humans to mark and defend a particular space

Front 99

vocalics

Back 99

the use of your voice to communicate nonverbally (laughter, breating, silence, voice quality)

Front 100

odor

Back 100

sends out signals

Front 101

time

Back 101

chromatics, communicate power or status by how we manage time

Front 102

artifacts

Back 102

use of objects to communicate nonverbally ("wedding ring" means married, heterosexual)

Front 103

interpersonal communication

Back 103

occurs when individuals treat each other as unique and interact in an individual or customized way

Front 104

relational dialects

Back 104

want to be open and closed, have freedom (autonomy) and connectedness

Front 105

stages of relationship development

Back 105

initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding

Front 106

relationships coming apart

Back 106

differentiation(note diff), circuscribing (avoid talking), stagnating (stop trying), avoiding, termination

Front 107

conflict

Back 107

a condition of disharmony and disagreement that exists when people who depend on one another see their needs, beliefs, and values, or goals as incompatible.

Front 108

conflict can...

Back 108

establish boundaries and norms, express feelings, identify individual needs, balance power

Front 109

competing relationship needs

Back 109

dialectical tensions (ongoing, changing needs that are often contradictory)

Front 110

autonomy

Back 110

the desire to retain independence

Front 111

time

Back 111

chromatics, communicate power or status by how we manage time

Front 112

connection

Back 112

the need to be included in a relationship

Front 113

stability

Back 113

the need to control our enviornment through safe and conventional routines

Front 114

change

Back 114

the need for novelty and new experiences

Front 115

expression

Back 115

the need to be or have others be open, candid, and confiding

Front 116

privacy

Back 116

the need to be or have others be restrained, circumspect, adn distant

Front 117

high context

Back 117

an interaction style in which people expect others to figure out implicit meaning based on the situation or the relationship between communicators

Front 118

low context

Back 118

an interaction style in which communicators expect information to be direct and explicit.

Front 119

ways of handling conflict

Back 119

coercion, persuasion, collaboration, compromise, accommodation, avoidance

Front 120

coercion

Back 120

don't allow others an opinion, force person to accept your point of view

Front 121

persuasion

Back 121

convince that one way is right, change their point of view

Front 122

collaboration

Back 122

working together to please both people

Front 123

compromise

Back 123

giving up something in order to find an acceptable solution to the problem

Front 124

accomodation

Back 124

when you give in, sacrificin

Front 125

avoidance

Back 125

attempting to evade conflict

Front 126

responding badly to conflict

Back 126

setting a critical tone, acting our of defensiveness, stonewalling, communicating contempt

Front 127

passive aggression

Back 127

indirect expression of hostility, often through use of humor, guilt, or inconsiderate behavior

Front 128

criteria of small groups

Back 128

more than 2 people, they must interact, there's a reason/common purpose, sense of identity to the group

Front 129

advantages of group decision making

Back 129

different abilities/resources (group synergy), divide up the work, collective decision, cohesion

Front 130

cohesion

Back 130

sense of attachment, solidarity, and camaraderie that binds a group together

Front 131

disadvantages of group decision making

Back 131

sacrifice individual preferences for group, conflict, decisions take more time, some don't do their share

Front 132

task avoidance

Back 132

engaging in excessive socialization to postpone or forestall working on the group project

Front 133

group norms

Back 133

expectations established through interaction about how members shoudl behave. explicit and implicit

Front 134

explicit

Back 134

directly said, all spelled out, you're told

Front 135

implicit

Back 135

assumed to exist, not openly discussed

Front 136

individualism

Back 136

emphasis on the importance of individual rights over group rights, individual needs over group needs, and individual identity over gropu identity

Front 137

collectivism

Back 137

emphasis on the importance of group obligations, needs, and identity

Front 138

power distance

Back 138

the relative value that culturesw place on status and power in relationship, distance between high and low power people

Front 139

uncertainty avoidance

Back 139

the degree of uncertainty tolerated by members of a culture or group

Front 140

masulinity

Back 140

emphasis on power, assertiveness, independence, materialism, and rigid distinctions between expectations of maels and females

Front 141

femininity

Back 141

emphasis on interdependence, quality of life, adn variability in the roles the females and males are expected to perform

Front 142

group think

Back 142

illusion of anonymity, too afraid to express dissent/disagreement in the group. *can happen if no one wants to cause problems or if you have a charismatic leader*

Front 143

roles in groups

Back 143

task roles, maintenance roles, disruptive roles

Front 144

task roles

Back 144

facilitate group goal/purpose, get the work done

Front 145

maintenance role

Back 145

builds relationships within the group, teamwork

Front 146

authoritarian leadership

Back 146

leader of group makes all decisions-when things need to be done

Front 147

laissex faire leadership

Back 147

leader giver minimal guidance and allows group members to work with little or no structure-creative solutions

Front 148

democrative

Back 148

members participate fully in the decision making process-when you need to buy in

Front 149

problem solving steps

Back 149

define problem, analyze/understand, establish criteria for effective solution, generate possible solutions, select best possible solution, implement

Front 150

communication apprehension

Back 150

fear of communication situations ("fight or flight" response)

Front 151

posture

Back 151

stand tall and straight with arms at side like you own the room

Front 152

eye contact

Back 152

to connect with audience dont have too much stuff to read

Front 153

voice

Back 153

sound like yourself, show your personality, pitch varies as person speaks

Front 154

gestures

Back 154

let your hands go when they want to

Front 155

anchors

Back 155

attitudes or beliefs tha act as a personal standard for judging other messages

Front 156

latitudes of acceptance

Back 156

the likely range of positions a listener is likely to tolerate or accept

Front 157

latitudes of noncommitment

Back 157

the range of positions a listener neither accepts nor rejects

Front 158

latitudes of rejection

Back 158

the range of positions a listener is likely to reject or consider intolerable

Front 159

types of persuasive speeches

Back 159

speeches that reinforce, speeches that convince, speeches that call for action

Front 160

speeches that reinforce

Back 160

attempts to strengthen existing attitudes, beliefs, or values

Front 161

speeches that convince

Back 161

urges listeners to accept contentious facts, evaluate beliefs, or support actions

Front 162

claim of fact

Back 162

true or false

Front 163

claim of value

Back 163

make judgment, evaluation (asking people to agree with an opinion, "important, good bad")

Front 164

claim of policy

Back 164

ask listeners to consider a particular course of action

Front 165

speeches that call for action

Back 165

aimed at moving the audience to a specific behavior

Front 166

logos

Back 166

arguments based on logic or reason

Front 167

inductive

Back 167

reasoning from a prticular instance to a generalization

Front 168

deductive

Back 168

reasoning that starts with a general statement and draws a specific conclusion

Front 169

syllogism

Back 169

form of reasoning that draws a conclusion based on 2 premises

Front 170

ethos

Back 170

the ethics or credibility of the speaker

Front 171

pathos

Back 171

arguments based on emotional appeals, feelings

Front 172

maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 172

self actualization, love and esteem, belonging, security, basic needs (air, water, food, sleep)

Front 173

mythos

Back 173

use of myths, legends, and folktales as persuasive appeals ('american dream' or 'rags to riches')

Front 174

motivated sequence

Back 174

persuasive speech structure designed to move audience toard taking immediate action (attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action)

Front 175

fallacy

Back 175

error in reasoning

Front 176

ad hominen

Back 176

name calling, attacking the person instead of the argument

Front 177

ad populum

Back 177

appeal to the people/popular opinion, listener shoudl think/act the same way as a group of people

Front 178

false cause

Back 178

implies a cause-effect relationship where none exists ('ice cream sales go up, shark attacks' its summer)

Front 179

false choice

Back 179

false dichotomy between two choices

Front 180

appeal to authority

Back 180

someone serves as a spokesperson outside of his/her area

Front 181

hasty generalization

Back 181

draw conclusion about a group based on limited examples

Front 182

slippery slope

Back 182

once on thing happens, many others will follow-usually bad

Front 183

red herring

Back 183

when you change the subject slightly