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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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theory |
an abstract system of concepts and their relationship to the world
concept+explanation=theory |
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goals of a social science theory |
explain features of phenomenon describe how and why predict what might happen control and effect environment |
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goals of humanities theory |
describe how and why explain features of phenomenon reform and bring about social change |
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evaluate a theory
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scope logical consistency parsimony-simpleness utility testability heurism-interest |
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communication research
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systematic and cumulative process of descriptive analysis, interpretation, and evaluation in order to solve problems and reform |
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research process |
1. select and narrow a topic 2. review previous literature 3. make research design 4. gather data 5. analyse and interpret data |
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qualitative |
not numbers interviews |
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quantitative |
numbers polls |
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writing an abstract |
1. write/describe the research question
2. tell method 3. describe findings 4. explain implications |
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writing style |
clear, concise, coherent, shorter paragraphs, straightforward language, be analytical, be objective, APA |
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symbol |
representation of all that goes on around us |
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verbal communication |
language, spoke/writtenwords |
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features of language |
arbitrary ambiguous abstract |
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functions of language |
define, evaluate, organize phenonmena think hypothetically reflect on ourselves define relationships |
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idioms/barriers |
defines you as a member of a community
(British v. American v. Australian) |
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origin of language |
signing/gesturing singing/music calls/social dialects |
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language extinction |
when languages are eliminated those ethnicities lose power control of majority language means domination one lost every ten days |
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brute facts |
objective, concrete phenomena |
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institutional facts |
meanings based in interpretation |
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rule of communication |
shared understandings among members of a particular culture or social group about what comm means and what behavior are appropriate |
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regulative rules |
regulate by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to communicate |
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constitutive rules |
define what a particular communication means or stands for |
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punctuation |
a way to mark a flow of activity into meaningful units when interaction begins and ends |
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demand-withdraw pattern |
one demands something such as disclosure an the other withdraws the more one pursues the more the other withdraw |
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loaded language |
words that slant perceptions |
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reappropriation |
a group reclaims a term used by another group to degrade its members and treats that term as a positive remove stigma |
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hypothetical thought |
thinking about experience and ideas that are not a part of your daily reality (plan, dream, remember, set goals) |
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guidelines for effective verbal communication |
be person-centered: aware of others qualify language: adjust generalizations own your feelings and thoughts |
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nonverbal communication |
everything except words -includes gestures, body language, inflection continuous, spontaneous |
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ambiguity of nonverbal |
meanings vary over time, learned and guided by rule, never completely universal
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nonverbal highlights verbal |
repeats, substitutes, highlights, and adds to the verbal message |
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nonverbal regulates comm |
organizes signals when to talk |
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nonverbal establishes relationship-level meanings |
responsiveness, liking, power |
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nonverbals reflect cultural values |
spatial awareness, time, touch |
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types of nonverbals |
kinetic-movement haptics-relating to physical touch olfactics-odors artifacts-personal objects proxemics-personal space chronemics-time paralanguage-vocal silence-lack of comm |
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haptics |
relating to physical touch communicates affect, power, and status |
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guidelines for effective nonverbals |
monitor nonverbal comm interpret other's nonverbal comm tentatively eye contact |
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misunderstandings of rhetoric |
meaningless discourse style no substance exaggerated melodramatic distraction deceitful/dishonest politicians |
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rhetoric Capuzza |
how we influence other people's attitude, values, beliefs or behaviors through the use of symbols when these people have free will |
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rhetoric historically |
winning the soul, persuasion, good men, reason and imagination |
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rheter |
sender of message |
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rhetoric |
message |
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rhetorical |
adjective, rhetorical analysis |
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7 P's of Rhetoric |
public, purposive, propositional, problem solving, pragmatic, poetic, powerful |
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rhetorical theory |
describes and explains the symbolic dimensions of human behavior so as to understand and to reform(improve) the rhetorical process |
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rhetorical criticism |
qualitative research method that systematic analyzes and critiques rhetorical acts and artifacts |
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fantasy theme analysis tenets |
-when people experience a dramatic narrative, they participate in the construction -discourse changes over time, but the core stays the same -a composite of fantasy themes emerge, a world view is created (rhetorical vision) |
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fantasy theme analysis |
communicative process by which human beings converge their individual fantasies into shares symbol systems |
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symbolic convergence |
-individual's meanings for symbols converge at times to create a shared social reality at the small group level -rhetoric creates a community consciousness at a public level not just in small groups |
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Greeks |
first westerners to write down suggestions for making comm effective -development of democratic institutions -development of methods to teach speech making |
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Sophists |
wisdom bearer- first speech coaches, explored relationship between rhetoric, politics, and ethics |
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*Aristotle* |
-wrote The Rhetoric -types of speeches -parts of speech -the faculty of discovering in any given situation all of the available means of persuasion -proofs -psychology of achieved |
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proofs |
reasoning inartistic-common knowledge artistic-research |
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Aritstotle's types of speeches |
forensic deliberative epideictic |
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Corax |
-doctrine of probability -teacher of Tisias - first known theorists and teachers of Rhet |
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Plato |
-distinguishbetween a "true" and "false" rhetoric -antisophist -rhet should be preparation for "philosophical kings" not only style |
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Protagoras |
father of debate believed in expressing views as strongly as possible |
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Gorgias |
sophist and famous orator known for eloquence and flowery |
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Rhetoria as Herennium |
-bridges the gap between the ancient Greeks and the ancient Romans -oldest most complete latin text and rhetoric |
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Romans |
-practical people and took the ideas of Greeks and classifies them into the Canons of Rhetoric -important for the job of statesmen -standardizing of rhetorical education |
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Canons of Rhetoric |
inventio-research dispositio-organization elocutio-style pronunciato-delivery memoria-memory(lost canon) |
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Isocrates |
important teacher of rhetoric |
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Cicero |
- leading philosopher orator -tried to unite rhetoric and philosophy -Rome maintained a upheval and little freedom of speech -De Oratore -executed |
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Second Sophistic |
period of oratorical excess devoted to praising Roman dictators during the fall |
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St. Augustine |
-saved pagan books about rhetoric from extinction -spread Christian gospel -wrote preaching manual |
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Renaissance |
-advances the art, philosophy, and commerce -rebirth of Greek and Latin texts -Thomas Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique |
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British/ Continental |
divided into 4 subcategories epistemologists, belles lettres, neo-classics, elocutionary |
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epistemology |
-Francis Bacon, Decartes, Locke -birth of social sciences -exploration of the human mind -application of resaon to the imagination to move the will |
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first American national communication organizations |
-Speech Association of America -Quarterly Journal of Speech |
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effect of World Wars |
-concerned w/ the power of media propaganda -intercultural communication |
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Payne Fund |
first concentrated effort to study media effects legitimized the field |
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scientific vs. humanistic |
communication was a term used by behavioral scientists to distinguish their work from critical textual analysis of rhetoricians |
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effects of 1960's |
social unrest brought about importance of interpersonal communications and an update of rhetorical analysis |
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Edward Black |
not just the classics anymore study of social movements new methods and theories |
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ferment in the Field |
-search for universal theory -gain respectability for field and be a sign of maturity -comm too complex to complex -never completed |
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Today |
field very eclectic pluralism/fragmented |
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critical cultural |
European influence questions of power more qualitative,less scientific studies popculture |
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theory of the mind |
the ability to interpret one’s own and other people’s mental and emotional states
EMPATHY |
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proper meaning superstition |
idea that there is one right/correct meaning for any one symbol
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