Comm Arts Midterm #2

Front 1

Differences between informative & persuasive speeches

Back 1

Informative: convey understanding and knowledge, describe an object, show how things work,report an event: careful of technicality, abstractions, etc

Persuasive: creating, reinforcing, or changing people's actions or beliefs: careful of attitudes,

Front 2

Challenges of persuasive speaking

Back 2

persuasive speaking is more demanding, deal with controversial topics that touch on audience's basic attitudes, values and beliefs, may increase resistance to being persuaded

Front 3

mental dialogue with audience

Back 3

you must think and anticipate possible objections the audience will raise to your point of view and answer them in your speech

; must answer skepticism

Front 4

Questions of fact, policy, and Value

Back 4

fact: are answers right or wrong, answer murky truths

policy: arise in everything we do, deal with specific courses of action

value: judgement of values, whether something is right or wrong

Front 5

Four basic methods of reasoning

Back 5

1. specific instances

2. reasoning from principle

3. causal reasoning

4. analogical reasoning

Front 6

Different types of reasoning;flaws in problematic reasoning

Back 6

fallacies, you may error in your reasoning and create confusion or things that don't make sense

Front 7

major logical fallacies

Back 7

1. hasty generalization

2. false cause

3. invalid analogy

4. bandwagon

5. red herring

6. ad hominem

7. either-or

8. slippery slope

9. appeal to tradition

10. appeal to novelty

Front 8

Four key reasons why listeners are persuaded by speakers

Back 8

1. credibility

2. won over my speaker's evidence

3. convinced by speaker's reasoning

4. their emotions are touched by speakers ideas or language

Front 9

Two primary factors of credibility

Back 9

competence- how an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Character- audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for well being of the audience

Front 10

three types of credibility

Back 10

1. initial

2. derived

3. terminal

Front 11

three ways to enhance credibility

Back 11

1. explain your competence

2. establish common ground with your audience

3. deliver speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Front 12

Evidence,why use it and strategies to use it

Back 12

presents, it as a problem, demonstrate evidence

tips:

1. use specific evidence

2. use novel evidence

3. use evidence form credible sources

4. make clear the point of evidence

Front 13

roles of emotional appeals

Back 13

create more compelling argument

enhance your message

touch the audience by appealing to their emotions

Front 14

3 major kinds of supporting materials

Back 14

1. examples

2. statistics

3. testimony

Front 15

evaluate supporting materials

Back 15

bolster speakers main point of view

Front 16

mean, median, mode, and the use of statistics

Back 16

mean; ave

median; middle #

mode; most

tips:

-use statistics to quantify your idea

-use statistics sparingly

- identify the sources of stats

-explain stats

-round of complex stats

- use visual aids to clarify stats

Front 17

three questions to ask about statistics

Back 17

1. are they representative

2. measures used correctly?

3. from a reliable source?

Front 18

proper use of testimony in a speech

Back 18

1. quote or phrase correctly

2. use testimony from qualified sources

3. use unbiased testimony sources

4. identify people you quote or paraphrase

Front 19

target audience's role in persuasive speaking

Back 19

hit target of main point to persuade parts of the audience

Front 20

passive agreement vs immediate action

Back 20

passive; get audience to agree that certain policy is better, but don't get them to do anything to necessarily do anything about it

action: immediate action, motive audience to do something now

Front 21

basic issues of questions of policy and their importance

Back 21

Need: demonstrate the serious of the problem,

plan: how are you going to solve the problem

practicality:will the speakers plan solve the problem?

Front 22

four basic methods of organization for persuasive speeches

Back 22

1. Problem-solution

2. problem-cause-solution

3. comparative advantages order

4. Monroe's motivate sequence

Front 23

organization most often used in question of policy

Back 23

problem-solution order

Front 24

Monroe's motivated sequence and why it is important

Back 24

method that promotes immediate action; five step process, attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Front 25

why must speakers be audience centered

Back 25

remain true to yourself and your messages, goals, speak ethically: yet in order to get a desired response from an audience:

focus on who you are speaking to

what you want to believe,

the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim

Front 26

use of audience questionaires

Back 26

how to learn things about an audience, genders, groups they belong to, what they know or how they feel about a certain topic, beliefs, values, culture, etc

Front 27

three types of questions and how to use them

Back 27

1. scale question- establishes the listeners knowledge about a subject and involvement with a subject

2. fixed alternative-require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

3. open ended- allow respondents to answer however they want

Front 28

how to adapt to audience while preparing and delivering a speech

Back 28

before: anticipate how your audience will respond, ask questions, imagine what they would say, are more details needed to parts of the speech

During: adjust delivery, condense info, go back and talk about something,elaborate more