Comm Arts Ii Eoc Terms

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Paraphrase

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Rewording text into your own words; unlike a summary, a paraphrase includes ALL main ideas in a text.

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Summary

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Summing up a text into one or two sentences; unlike a paraphrase, a summary includes only the overall, general idea of a text.

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Inference

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Making a logical judgment based on evidence in the text.

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Context clues

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Hints surrounding a word that gives us an idea to what the word means.

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Text features

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Features that help to organize a text; examples include headings, table of contents, graphs and charts, captions, glossary, index, pictures, diagrams, and bolded / italicized text.

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Simile

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A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: The muscles on his arms are strong as iron bands.

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Metaphor

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A figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. The comparison is not announced by like or as. Example: The road was a ribbon of moonlight.

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Personification

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A figure of speech which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object, or an idea. Example: Dawn brushed the earth with her rosy fingertips.

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Alliteration

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The repetition of an initial consonant sound. Example: Jack jumps joyfully.

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Sensory details

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Description appealing to one or more of the five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Example: The fire-engine red building stood against the blue sky.

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Sound devices

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Any elements (usually in poetry) that a reader can "hear" (i.e. rhyme, meter, assonance, consonance, repetition).

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Onomatopoeia

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A word that is spelled as it sounds. Examples: buzz, bark, swoosh, boom.

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Idiom

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A phrase or expression that means something different from what the words actually say (for example, using the phrase “over his head” instead of “He doesn’t understand”).

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Hyperbole

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A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect; it is the opposite of understatement.

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Imagery

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Using words to "paint a picture" in the readers' minds (often include sensory details); Example: By the light of the moon, she closed her eyes.

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Propaganda

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Text that uses false or misleading information to present a slanted point of view

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Jargon

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Vocabulary understood by members of a profession or trade but usually not by other members of the general public; in writing, jargon is used to impress but not accurately lead.

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Dialect

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Language spoken by a certain group of people; writers use dialect to contrast and express differences in educational, class, social, and regional backgrounds of their characters.

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Symbolism

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A person, object, image, word, or event that evokes a range of additional meaning beyond and usually more abstract than its literal significance; Examples: the cross, the American flag, a heart.

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Setting

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Where and when a story takes place.

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Mood

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The feeling that a literary work conveys to readers. Mood is created through the use of plot, character, the author’s descriptions, etc.

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Theme

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The explicit statement about life conveyed through a story. THE THEME IS NEVER ONE WORD!!! Example: If the subject of Romeo and Juliet is love, the THEME might be that rushing into love can have tragic results.

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Flashback

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A narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during current events, in order to provide background for the current narration; similar to flashbacks in movies!

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Foreshadow / Foreshadowing

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An author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story.

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First Person Point of View

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The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she sees and is told by other characters. He can’t tell us thoughts of other characters.

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Third Person Limited Point of View

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The narrator is an outsider who sees into the mind of one of the characters.

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Third Person Omniscient Point of View

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The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters.

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The Writing Process

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Step One: Brainstorm / Prewrite
Step Two: Outline
Step Three: Draft
Step Four: Revise
Step Five: Publish

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The Four Types of Writing

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1. Narrative (tell a story)
2. Descriptive (describe; often includes sensory details)
3. Expository (inform or explain)
4. Persuasive (states an opinion and attempts to influence the reader)

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Situational Irony

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When what we expect to happen is the opposite of what actually happens; Example: The student who never turns in homework and sleeps through class gets a perfect score on his EOC.*

*Not likely results. Stay awake!

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Verbal Irony

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When a character knowingly says something unexpected; Example: A person who has just had the worst day of his life says, "What a great day!"

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Dramatic Irony

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When the audience or reader knows something that the character(s) does not; Example: We know Juliet is alive, but Romeo believes she is dead.

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Understatement

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A figure of speech meant to make an issue sound less serious than it is; it is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: A student fails all of his finals and can't graduate. He says, "Bummer."

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Parallelism

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An arrangement of the parts of a composition so that elements of equal importance are balanced in similar constructions. This arrangement may be applied to words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or complete units of compositions. Example: School has taught me to work hard, to pay attention, and to get involved.

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Allusion

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A reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature; Example: It's as hot as Hades in here.

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Analogy

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A comparison in which the subject is compared point by point to something far different, usually with the idea of clarifying the subject by comparing it to something familiar. Example: In is to out as up is to down.

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Tone

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The attitude a writer or speaker takes towards the subject of his or her writing.

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Audience

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The intended reader(s) of a piece of writing.

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Text Elements

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The elements of writing which are common to all literary and narrative forms. In fiction, these include theme and plot. In non-fiction, these include tone, diction, and style.

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The Parts of an Effective Five-Paragraph Essay

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I. Introduction: Attention-getter, background information; thesis.
II. First body paragraph: Topic sentence; first main idea; supporting details; clincher sentence.
III. Second body paragraph: Topic sentence; second main idea; supporting details; clincher sentence.
IV. Third body paragraph: Topic sentence; second main idea; supporting details; clincher sentence.
V. Conclusion: Transition, summary, final clincher sentence.

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Primary Source

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A first-hand account of information; Examples: diaries, documentaries, interviews, speeches.

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Secondary Source

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At least second-hand information; an analysis of primary information. Examples: textbooks, magazine articles, journal articles.